CD73 inhibitors

ABSTRACT

Described herein are CD73 inhibitors and pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds. The subject compounds and compositions are useful for the treatment of cancer, infections, and neurodegenerative diseases.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/612,108, filed Nov. 8, 2019, which is a § 371 U.S. National Stage entry of International Application PCT/US2018/031891, filed May 9, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/504,440, filed May 10, 2017, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/504,446, filed May 10, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/574,140, filed Oct. 18, 2017, which are all hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

A need exists in the art for an effective treatment of cancer, infections, and neurodegenerative diseases.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Provided herein are compounds of Formulas (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), and (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds. The subject compounds and compositions are useful as CD73 inhibitors. Furthermore, the subject compounds and compositions are useful for the treatment of cancers, infections, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Provided herein are compounds having the structure of Formula (A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

wherein:

-   A —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵,     —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆     alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—; -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O—, —S—, or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶R¹⁷, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is     independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R^(20e); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20f); -   or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which     they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆; alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); -   n, m, and p, are each independently 0 or 1; -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═OR^(b), C₁-C₆     alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each     alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²¹;     -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH,         —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a),         —NHS(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a),         —C(═O)OR^(b), —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),         —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a),         —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆         hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or cycloalkyl; -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆     heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl.

Also provided herein are compounds having the structure of Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵,     —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆     alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y³ is —O—, —S—, or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶R¹⁷, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is     independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R^(20e); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20f); -   or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which     they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═OR^(b), C₁-C₆     alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each     alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; and -   R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl),     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)C(═O)OR⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)(CR⁵²R⁵³)_(v)C(═O)R⁴¹,     or —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)[OC(═O)R⁴⁰]₂; provided that at least one of R³⁰,     R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₁-C₂₀     heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆     alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²⁴; -   R⁴¹ is a glycerol ester derivative, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl,     C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₁-C₂₀ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each     alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); -   R⁵² and R⁵³ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); -   each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl),     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; -   each R²⁴ are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; and -   v is 1, 2, 3, or 4.

Also disclosed herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Also disclosed herein are methods of inhibiting CD73 comprising contacting CD73 with a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof.

Also disclosed herein are methods of treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof or administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Also disclosed herein are methods of treating an infection in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof or administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Also disclosed herein are methods of treating a neurodegenerative disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof or administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference for the specific purposes identified herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

CD73 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored cell surface protein that catalyzes the hydrolysis of AMP to adenosine, and works in concert with CD39, which converts ATP into AMP. The resulting adenosine functions as a signaling molecule that activates the P1 receptors expressed on the cell surface in many different tissues. Four G protein-coupled P1 or adenosine receptors have been cloned and designated as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine impacts a wide range of physiological processes including neural function, vascular perfusion, and immune responses. In doing so, this metabolite regulates CNS, cardiovascular, and immune system functions, to name a few.

Increasing evidence suggests that interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment are essential for tumorigenesis. The purinergic signaling pathway in which CD73 plays a critical role, has emerged as an important player in cancer progression. It has become clear in recent years that adenosine is one of the most important immunosuppressive regulatory molecules in the tumor microenvironment, and contributes to immune escape and tumor progression.

CD73 is a key protein molecule in cancer development. CD73 has been found to be overexpressed in many cancer cell lines and tumor types including, for example, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, gallbladder cancer, and cancers associated with poor prognosis.

The expression of CD73 in tumors is regulated by a variety of mechanisms. CD73 expression is negatively regulated by estrogen receptor (ER) in breast cancer. Thus, CD73 is highly expressed in ER negative breast cancer patients. The hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) has also been shown to regulate CD73 transcription. Additionally, inflammatory factors such as IFN-γ affect CD73 levels. CD73 expression is also epigenetically regulated by CpG island methylation in cell lines and clinical tumor samples.

In addition to being a prognostic biomarker in cancer patients, overexpression of CD73 has also been found to be functionally linked to therapy resistance. Elevated levels of CD73 were initially linked to resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic agents including vincristine and doxorubicin.

CD73 has also been shown to be involved in immunotherapy resistance. This ectonucleotidase participates in the process of tumor immune escape by inhibiting the activation, clonal expansion, and homing of tumor-specific T cells (in particular, T helper and cytotoxic T cells); impairing tumor cell killing by cytolytic effector T lymphocytes; driving, via pericellular generation of adenosine, the suppressive capabilities of Treg and Th17 cells; enhancing the conversion of type 1 macrophages into tumor-promoting type 2 macrophages; and promoting the accumulation of MDSCs.

Small molecular inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies targeting CD73 have shown anti-tumor activity in a variety of immune-competent but not in immune-deficient mouse tumor models. Overall, these studies suggest that anti-CD73 therapy activity is dependent on its ability to elicit immune responses in vivo.

Antibodies which block PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 have shown impressive objective response in cancer patients. Recent data demonstrates that anti-CD73 mAb significantly enhances the activity of both anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 mAbs in several mouse tumor models. In addition to checkpoint blockade, CD73-mediated production of adenosine could contribute to resistance to additional immunotherapy modalities including CAR-T cells and cancer vaccines.

Interfering with CD73 activity represents a strategy to re-sensitize tumors to therapy. Based on the link between CD73 and therapy resistance, combining anti-CD73 treatment with chemotherapy or immunotherapy is an effective approach to enhance their activity in cancer patients with high CD73 levels. In some instances, CD73 expression serves as a biomarker to identify patients that could benefit from anti-CD73 combination therapy.

In some instances, the CD39/CD73 couple turns ATP-driven pro-inflammatory cell activity toward an adenosine-mediated anti-inflammatory state. A number of studies have shown changes in the activity of the CD39/CD73 axis during infections induced by a variety of microorganisms. An increase in CD73 expression has also been observed in the brain of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii, which promotes the parasite life cycle through the production of adenosine. Thus, the pharmacological blockade of CD73 is a promising therapeutic approach to treat human toxoplasmosis.

Enhanced expression and activity of CD39 and CD73 have been observed in endothelial cells infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV). The increase in local adenosine production, associated with the upregulation of ecto-nucleotidases, generates an immunosuppressive and antithrombotic microenvironment, which facilitates viral entry into target cells.

In some instances, inhibitors of CD73, by driving a decrease on adenosine production, have applications as antiviral agents. The elevated expression/activity of CD39 and CD73 on lymphocytes of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) indicates a role for ecto-nucleotidases in the immune dysfunction associated with this disease. In fact, an increased proportion of Tregs expressing CD39, as well as a positive correlation between CD39 expression on Tregs and disease progression has been observed in different cohorts of HIV-infected patients. It has also been shown that HIV-positive patients had a higher number of CD39+ Treg, and that their Teff exhibited an increased sensitivity in vitro to the suppressive effect of adenosine, which was related to the elevated expression of immunosuppressive A2A receptors.

In the central nervous system, adenosine plays a critical role in controlling a multitude of neural functions. Through the activation of P1 receptors, adenosine is involved in diverse physiological and pathological processes such as regulation of sleep, general arousal state and activity, local neuronal excitability, and coupling of the cerebral blood flow to the energy demand. In some instances, manipulation of adenosine production via CD73 inhibitors is useful for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism.

Definitions

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “and,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an agent” includes a plurality of such agents, and reference to “the cell” includes reference to one or more cells (or to a plurality of cells) and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. When ranges are used herein for physical properties, such as molecular weight, or chemical properties, such as chemical formulae, all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific embodiments therein are intended to be included. The term “about” when referring to a number or a numerical range means that the number or numerical range referred to is an approximation within experimental variability (or within statistical experimental error), and thus the number or numerical range, in some instances, will vary between 1% and 15% of the stated number or numerical range. The term “comprising” (and related terms such as “comprise” or “comprises” or “having” or “including”) is not intended to exclude that in other certain embodiments, for example, an embodiment of any composition of matter, composition, method, or process, or the like, described herein, “consist of” or “consist essentially of” the described features.

As used in the specification and appended claims, unless specified to the contrary, the following terms have the meaning indicated below.

“Alkyl” refers to an optionally substituted straight-chain, or optionally substituted branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon monoradical having from one to about ten carbon atoms, or from one to six carbon atoms, wherein a sp3-hybridized carbon of the alkyl residue is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Examples include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-3-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-amyl and hexyl, and longer alkyl groups, such as heptyl, octyl, and the like. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “C₁-C₆ alkyl” means that the alkyl group consists of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms or 6 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated. In some embodiments, the alkyl is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, a C₁-C₉ alkyl, a C₁-C₈ alkyl, a C₁-C₇ alkyl, a C₁-C₆ alkyl, a C₁-C₅ alkyl, a C₁-C₄ alkyl, a C₁-C₃ alkyl, a C₁-C₂ alkyl, or a C₁ alkyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyl group is optionally substituted as described below, for example, with oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, -OMe, —NH₂, or —NO₂. In some embodiments, the alkyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the alkyl is optionally substituted with halogen.

“Alkenyl” refers to an optionally substituted straight-chain, or optionally substituted branched-chain hydrocarbon monoradical having one or more carbon-carbon double-bonds and having from two to about ten carbon atoms, more preferably two to about six carbon atoms, wherein an sp2-hybridized carbon of the alkenyl residue is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. The group may be in either the cis or trans conformation about the double bond(s), and should be understood to include both isomers. Examples include, but are not limited to ethenyl (—CH═CH₂), 1-propenyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂), isopropenyl [—C(CH₃)═CH₂], butenyl, 1,3-butadienyl and the like. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “C₂-C₆ alkenyl” means that the alkenyl group may consist of 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms or 6 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkenyl” where no numerical range is designated. In some embodiments, the alkenyl is a C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, a C₂-C₉ alkenyl, a C₂-C₈ alkenyl, a C₂-C₇ alkenyl, a C₂-C₆ alkenyl, a C₂-C₅ alkenyl, a C₂-C₄ alkenyl, a C₂-C₃ alkenyl, or a C₂ alkenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkenyl group is optionally substituted as described below, for example, with oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, an alkenyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, -OMe, —NH₂, or —NO₂. In some embodiments, an alkenyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the alkenyl is optionally substituted with halogen.

“Alkynyl” refers to an optionally substituted straight-chain or optionally substituted branched-chain hydrocarbon monoradical having one or more carbon-carbon triple-bonds and having from two to about ten carbon atoms, more preferably from two to about six carbon atoms. Examples include, but are not limited to ethynyl, 2-propynyl, 2-butynyl, 1,3-butadiynyl and the like. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “C₂-C₆ alkynyl” means that the alkynyl group may consist of 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms or 6 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkynyl” where no numerical range is designated. In some embodiments, the alkynyl is a C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, a C₂-C₉ alkynyl, a C₂-C₈ alkynyl, a C₂-C₇ alkynyl, a C₂-C₆ alkynyl, a C₂-C₅ alkynyl, a C₂-C₄ alkynyl, a C₂-C₃ alkynyl, or a C₂ alkynyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkynyl group is optionally substituted as described below, for example, with oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, an alkynyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, -OMe, —NH₂, or —NO₂. In some embodiments, an alkynyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the alkynyl is optionally substituted with halogen.

“Alkylene” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylene group may be optionally substituted as described below, for example, with oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, an alkylene is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, -OMe, —NH₂, or —NO₂. In some embodiments, an alkylene is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the alkylene is optionally substituted with halogen.

“Alkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR_(a) where R_(a) is an alkyl radical as defined. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkoxy group may be optionally substituted as described below, for example, with oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, an alkoxy is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, -OMe, —NH₂, or —NO₂. In some embodiments, an alkoxy is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the alkoxy is optionally substituted with halogen.

“Aryl” refers to a radical derived from a hydrocarbon ring system comprising hydrogen, 6 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring. The aryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused (when fused with a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl ring, the aryl is bonded through an aromatic ring atom) or bridged ring systems. In some embodiments, the aryl is a 6- to 10-membered aryl. In some embodiments, the aryl is a 6-membered aryl. Aryl radicals include, but are not limited to, aryl radicals derived from the hydrocarbon ring systems of anthrylene, naphthylene, phenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, pleiadene, pyrene, and triphenylene. In some embodiments, the aryl is phenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aryl may be optionally substituted as described below, for example, with halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, an aryl is optionally substituted with halogen, methyl, ethyl, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, -OMe, —NH₂, or —NO₂. In some embodiments, an aryl is optionally substituted with halogen, methyl, ethyl, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the aryl is optionally substituted with halogen.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to a stable, partially or fully saturated, monocyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic ring, which may include fused (when fused with an aryl or a heteroaryl ring, the cycloalkyl is bonded through a non-aromatic ring atom) or bridged ring systems. Representative cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cycloalkyls having from three to fifteen carbon atoms (C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl), from three to ten carbon atoms (C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl), from three to eight carbon atoms (C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl), from three to six carbon atoms (C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), from three to five carbon atoms (C₃-C₅ cycloalkyl), or three to four carbon atoms (C₃-C₄ cycloalkyl). In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a 5- to 6-membered cycloalkyl. Monocyclic cycloalkyls include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Polycyclic cycloalkyls or carbocycles include, for example, adamantyl, norbomyl, decalinyl, bicyclo[3.3.0]octane, bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane, cis-decalin, trans-decal in, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane, and bicyclo[3.3.2]decane, and 7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl. Partially saturated cycloalkyls include, for example cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, and cyclooctenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl is optionally substituted as described below, for example, with oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, -OMe, —NH₂, or —NO₂. In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, —CN, —CF₃, —OH or -OMe. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with halogen.

“Halo” or “halogen” refers to bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo. In some embodiments, halogen is fluoro or chloro. In some embodiments, halogen is fluoro.

“Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and the like.

“Heterocycloalkyl” refers to a stable 3- to 24-membered partially or fully saturated ring radical comprising 2 to 23 carbon atoms and from one to 8 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulfur. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocycloalkyl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused (when fused with an aryl or a heteroaryl ring, the heterocycloalkyl is bonded through a non-aromatic ring atom) or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heterocycloalkyl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl is a 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl is a 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl. Examples of such heterocycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl, 1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl, 3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl, methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl, and 2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl. The term heterocycloalkyl also includes all ring forms of the carbohydrates, including but not limited to the monosaccharides, the disaccharides and the oligosaccharides. Unless otherwise noted, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 10 carbons in the ring. It is understood that when referring to the number of carbon atoms in a heterocycloalkyl, the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycloalkyl is not the same as the total number of atoms (including the heteroatoms) that make up the heterocycloalkyl (i.e. skeletal atoms of the heterocycloalkyl ring). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted as described below, for example, with oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, a heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, -OMe, —NH₂, or —NO₂. In some embodiments, a heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with halogen.

“Heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more skeletal atoms of the alkyl are selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen (e.g. —NH—, —N(alkyl)-), sulfur, or combinations thereof. A heteroalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a carbon atom of the heteroalkyl. In one aspect, a heteroalkyl is a C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl which comprises 1-6 carbons and one or more oxygen, nitrogen (e.g. —NH—, —N(alkyl)-), sulfur, or combinations thereof. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroalkyl is optionally substituted as described below, for example, with oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, -OMe, —NH₂, or —NO₂. In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the heteroalkyl is optionally substituted with halogen.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a 5- to 14-membered ring system radical comprising hydrogen atoms, one to thirteen carbon atoms, one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulfur, and at least one aromatic ring. The heteroaryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused (when fused with a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl ring, the heteroaryl is bonded through an aromatic ring atom) or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heteroaryl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl. Examples include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furanonyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, 1-oxidopyridinyl, 1-oxidopyrimidinyl, 1-oxidopyrazinyl, 1-oxidopyridazinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, quinuclidinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e., thienyl). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroaryl is optionally substituted as described below, for example, with halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl is optionally substituted with halogen, methyl, ethyl, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, -OMe, —NH₂, or —NO₂. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl is optionally substituted with halogen, methyl, ethyl, —CN, —CF₃, —OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with halogen.

All the above groups may be either substituted or unsubstituted. The term “substituted” as used herein means any of the above groups (e.g., alkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl and/or heteroaryl) may be further functionalized wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to a non-hydrogen atom substituent. Unless stated specifically in the specification, a substituted group may include one or more substituents selected from: oxo, amino, —CO₂H, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, thiooxy, alkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, dialkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines, diarylamines, trialkylammonium (—N⁺R₃), N-oxides, imides, and enamines; a silicon atom in groups such as trialkylsilyl groups, dialkylarylsilyl groups, alkyldiarylsilyl groups, triarylsilyl groups, perfluoroalkyl, or perfluoroalkoxy, for example, trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy. “Substituted” also means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a higher-order bond (e.g., a double- or triple-bond) to a heteroatom such as oxygen in oxo, carbonyl, carboxyl, and ester groups; and nitrogen in groups such as imines, oximes, hydrazones, and nitriles. For example, “substituted” includes any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with —NH₂, —NR_(g)C(═O)NR_(g)R_(h), —NR_(g)C(═O)OR_(h), —NR_(g)SO₂R_(h), —OC(═O)NR_(g)R_(h), —OR_(g), —SR_(g), —SOR_(g), —SO₂R_(g), —OSO₂R_(g), —SO₂OR_(g), ═NSO₂R_(g), and —SO₂NR_(g)R_(h). In the foregoing, R_(g) and R_(h) are the same or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, thioalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, N-heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, N-heteroaryl and/or heteroarylalkyl. In addition, each of the foregoing substituents may also be optionally substituted with one or more of the above substituents. Furthermore, any of the above groups may be substituted to include one or more internal oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atoms. For example, an alkyl group may be substituted with one or more internal oxygen atoms to form an ether or polyether group. Similarly, an alkyl group may be substituted with one or more internal sulfur atoms to form a thioether, disulfide, etc.

The term “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not. For example, “optionally substituted alkyl” means either “alkyl” or “substituted alkyl” as defined above. Further, an optionally substituted group may be un-substituted (e.g., —CH₂CH₃), fully substituted (e.g., —CF₂CF₃), mono-substituted (e.g., —CH₂CH₂F) or substituted at a level anywhere in-between fully substituted and mono-substituted (e.g., —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CF₂CH₃, —CFHCHF₂, etc.). It will be understood by those skilled in the art with respect to any group containing one or more substituents that such groups are not intended to introduce any substitution or substitution patterns (e.g., substituted alkyl includes optionally substituted cycloalkyl groups, which in turn are defined as including optionally substituted alkyl groups, potentially ad infinitum) that are stericaily impractical and/or synthetically non-feasible. Thus, any substituents described should generally be understood as having a maximum molecular weight of about 1,000 daltons, and more typically, up to about 500 daltons.

The terms “inhibit,” “block,” “suppress,” and grammatical variants thereof are used interchangeably herein and refer to any statistically significant decrease in biological activity, including full blocking of the activity. In some embodiments, “inhibition” refers to a decrease of about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90% or about 100% in biological activity. Accordingly, when the terms “inhibition” or “suppression” are applied to describe, e.g., an effect on the enzymatic activity of CD73, the term refers to the ability of a compound disclosed herein to statistically significantly decrease the 5′-nucleotidase activity of CD73 (catabolizing the hydrolysis of adenosine monophosphate, AMP, to adenosine), relative to the CD73-mediated 5′-nucleotidase activity in an untreated (control) cell. In some instances, the cell which expresses CD73 is a naturally occurring cell or cell line (e.g., a cancer cell) or is recombinantly produced by introducing a nucleic acid encoding CD73 into a host cell. In some aspects, compounds disclosed herein statistically significantly decrease the 5′-nucleotidase activity of a soluble form of CD73 in a biological fluid. In one aspect, the compound disclosed herein inhibit CD73-mediated 5′-nucleotidase activity by at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or about 100%, as determined, for example, by the methods described in the Examples and/or methods known in the art.

As used herein, “treatment” or “treating,” or “palliating” or “ameliorating” are used interchangeably. These terms refer to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not limited to therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit. By “therapeutic benefit” is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated. Also, a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the patient, notwithstanding that the patient is still afflicted with the underlying disorder. For prophylactic benefit, the compositions are, in some embodiments, administered to a patient at risk of developing a particular disease, or to a patient reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease has not been made.

Compounds

Described herein are compounds that are CD73 inhibitors. These compounds, and compositions comprising these compounds, are useful for the treatment of cancer, infections, and neurodegenerative diseases.

In some embodiments provided herein is a compound having the structure of Formula (A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

wherein:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵,     —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆     alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—; -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O—, —S—, or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶R¹⁷, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is     independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R^(20e); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20f); -   or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which     they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); -   n, m, and p, are each independently 0 or 1; -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═OR^(b), C₁-C₅     alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each     alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     or cycloalkyl; -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆     heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl.

In some embodiments provided herein is a compound having the structure of Formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

wherein:

-   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵,     —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆     alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—; -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O—, —S—, or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶R¹⁷, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is     independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R^(20e); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20f); -   or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which     they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); -   n, m, and p, are each independently 0 or 1; -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═OR^(b), C₁-C₆     alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each     alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     or cycloalkyl; -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆     heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, and     heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two,     or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—; -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₅ alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein each     alkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20e); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20f); -   R¹⁸ is cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, and     heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20g); -   n, m, and p, are each independently 0 or 1; -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c),     —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl; wherein each     alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c); -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆     haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, and aryl is independently optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl);     wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or     cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two,     or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each hydrogen; -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—; -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen or halogen; -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R^(20e); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20f); -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl) optionally substituted with one, two,     or three R^(20g); -   n is 1, m is 0, and p is 0; -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl; wherein     each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen; -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or     C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, and aryl is independently optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl);     wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or     cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two,     or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each hydrogen; -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—; -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen or halogen; -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   R¹³ is halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   R¹⁴ is hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R^(20e); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20f); -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl) optionally substituted with one, two,     or three R^(20g); -   n is 1, m is 0, and p is 0; -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl; wherein     each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen; -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or     C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl.

For any and all of the embodiments of Formula (A), (I), or (II), substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁸ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, X is —CR¹¹R¹²—; and R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, X is —CR¹¹R¹²—; and R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen or halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, X is —O—.

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variables is contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (Ia) or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

For any and all of the embodiments of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, m is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, m is 1. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, p is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, p is 1.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y¹ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y² is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y¹ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y² is —CR¹³R¹⁴—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 1; Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 1; Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n and m are each 1; p is 0; Y² and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n and m are each 1; p is 0; Y² and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ is halogen or alkyl; and R¹⁴ are hydrogen, halogen, or alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently halogen or alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), or (IIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 0.

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variables is contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.

In some embodiments, the compound is of Formula (Ib), (Ib′), (IIb), or (IIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

For any and all of the embodiments of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), (IIa), (Ib), (IIb), (Ib′), or (IIb′), substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), (IIa), (Ib), (IIb), (Ib′), or (IIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), (IIa), (Ib), (IIb), (Ib′), or (IIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, or —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), (IIa), (Ib), (IIb), (Ib′), or (IIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), (IIa), (Ib), (IIb), (Ib′), or (IIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), (IIa), (Ib), (IIb), (Ib′), or (IIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; R⁵ is halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R⁶ is hydrogen; and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), (IIa), (Ib), (IIb), (Ib′), or (IIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; R⁵ is hydrogen; R⁶ is halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (Ia), (IIa), (Ib), (IIb), (Ib′), or (IIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ is halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁷ is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), (IIa), (Ib), (IIb), (Ib′), or (IIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ is —OH; R⁷ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), (IIa), (Ib), (IIb), (Ib′), or (IIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁷ is halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁴ is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia), (IIa), (Ib), (IIb), (Ib′), or (IIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁷ is —OH; R⁴ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variables is contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.

In some embodiments, the compound is of Formula (Ic), (Ic′), (IIc), or (IIc′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments, the compound is of Formula (Id), (Id′), (IId), or (IId′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments, the compound is of Formula (Ie), (Ie′), (IIe), or (IIe′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments the compound of is of Formula (If), (If′), (IIf), or (IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

For any and all of the embodiments of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ is halogen or alkyl; and R¹⁴ are hydrogen, halogen, or alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently halogen or alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and at least one of R¹³ and R¹⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a).

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib)-(If), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —S(═O)₂NR¹⁵R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one R^(20a); R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(IIf), or (IIb′)-(If′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl (heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one R^(20a); R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one R^(20a); R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; wherein cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is cycloalkyl; wherein cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is cycloalkyl; wherein cycloalkyl is fused to an aryl or heteroaryl ring and is optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is cycloalkyl; wherein cycloalkyl is fused to an aryl ring and is optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is cycloalkyl; wherein cycloalkyl is fused to an aryl ring and is optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is cycloalkyl; wherein cycloalkyl is fused to an aryl ring and is optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, each R^(20a) is independently halogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine or a pyrrolidine optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine or a pyrrolidine optionally substituted with one R^(20a); and each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R^(20a) is aryl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (D), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); R¹⁸ is cycloalkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and each R^(20b) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); R¹⁸ is cycloalkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and each R^(20b) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(If′), or (IIb′)-(If′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is chloro. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)-(IF′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is —CN. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (A), (I), (II), (Ia)-(If), (IIa)-(IIf), (Ib′)(If′), or (IIb′)-(IIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is —CF₃.

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variables is contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.

In some embodiments provided herein is a compound having the structure of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

wherein:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵,     —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆     alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₅ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—; -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O—, —S—, or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   Y⁴ is —O— or —NH—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶R¹⁷, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is     independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R^(20e); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20f); -   or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which     they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); -   n, m, and p, are each independently 0 or 1; -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═OR^(b), C₁-C₆     alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each     alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; and -   R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀     alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆     alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)C(═O)OR⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)(CR⁵²R⁵³)_(v)C(═O)R⁴¹,     or —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)[OC(═O)R⁴⁰]₂; provided that at least one of R³⁰,     R³¹, R³², R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   or R³⁴ and R³² are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; and n is 0; -   or R³⁴ and R³¹ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; and n and p are 0; -   or R³⁴ and R³⁰ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; and n, m, and p are 0; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₁-C₂₀     heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆     alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²⁴; -   R⁴¹ is a glycerol ester derivative, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl,     C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₁-C₂₀ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each     alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); -   R⁵² and R⁵³ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); -   each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl),     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; -   each R²⁴ are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; and -   each v is independently 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, and     heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two,     or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—; -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   Y⁴ is —O— or —NH—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein each     alkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20e); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20f); -   R¹⁸ is cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, and     heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20g); -   n, m, and p, are each independently 0 or 1; -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c),     —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl; wherein each     alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c); -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆     haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; -   R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀     alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆     alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)C(═O)OR⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)PC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)(CR⁵²R⁵³)_(v)C(═O)R⁴¹,     or —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)[OC(═O)R⁴⁰]₂; provided that at least one of R³⁰,     R³¹, R³², R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   or R³⁴ and R³² are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; and n is 0; -   or R³⁴ and R³¹ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; and n and p are 0; -   or R³⁴ and R³⁰ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; and n, m, and p are 0; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R²⁴; -   R⁴¹ is a glycerol ester derivative or C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); -   R⁵² and R⁵³ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); -   each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c),     —C(═OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁- C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; -   each R²⁴ are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c),     —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; and -   each v is independently 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, and aryl is independently optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl);     wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or     cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two,     or three halogen; R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each hydrogen; -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—; -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen or halogen; -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   Y⁴ is —O— or —NH—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R^(20e); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20f); -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl) optionally substituted with one, two,     or three R^(20g); -   n is 1, m is 0, and p is 0; -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl; wherein     each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen; -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or     C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; -   R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀     alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)C(═O)OR⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)(CR⁵²R⁵³)_(v)C(═O)R⁴¹, or —(C₁-C₆     alkylene)[OC(═O)R⁴⁰]₂; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³¹, R³²,     R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R²⁴; -   R⁴¹ is a glycerol ester derivative or C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆     heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); -   R⁵² and R⁵³ are each independently hydrogen or halogen; -   each R²² is independently aryl or heteroaryl; wherein each aryl and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; -   each R²⁴ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;     and -   each v is independently 1 or 2.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, and aryl is independently optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl);     wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or     cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two,     or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each hydrogen; -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—; -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen or halogen; -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   Y⁴ is —O— or —NH—; -   R¹³ is halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   R¹⁴ is hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R^(20e); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20f); -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl) optionally substituted with one, two,     or three R^(20g); -   n is 1, m is 0, and p is 0; -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl; wherein     each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen; -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or     C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; -   R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀     alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)C(═O)OR⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)(CR⁵²R⁵³)_(v)C(═O)R⁴¹, or —(C₁-C₆     alkylene)[OC(═O)R⁴⁰]₂; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³¹, R³²,     R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R²⁴; -   R⁴¹ is a glycerol ester derivative or C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆     heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); -   R⁵² and R⁵³ are each independently hydrogen or halogen; -   each R²² is independently aryl or heteroaryl; wherein each aryl and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; -   each R²⁴ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;     and -   each v is independently 1 or 2.

In some embodiments provided herein is a compound having the structure of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

wherein:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵,     —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆     alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—; -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O—, —S—, or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   Y⁴ is —O— or —NH—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶R¹⁷, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is     independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R^(20c); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20f); -   or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which     they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); -   n, m, and p, are each independently 0 or 1; -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; and -   R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀     alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)C(═O)OR⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)(CR⁵²R⁵³)_(v)C(═O)R⁴¹, or —(C₁-C₆     alkylene)[OC(═O)R⁴⁰]₂; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³¹, R³²,     R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   or R³⁴ and R³² are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; and n is 0; -   or R³⁴ and R³¹ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; and n and p are 0; -   or R³⁴ and R³⁰ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; and n, m, and p are 0; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₁-C₂₀     heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆     alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²⁴; -   R⁴¹ is a glycerol ester derivative, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl,     C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₁-C₂₀ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each     alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); -   R⁵² and R⁵³ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); -   each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl),     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; -   each R²⁴ are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; and -   v is 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, and     heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two,     or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—; -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   Y⁴ is —O— or —NH—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein each     alkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20e); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20f); -   R¹⁸ is cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, and     heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20g); -   n, m, and p, are each independently 0 or 1; -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c),     —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl; wherein each     alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c); -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆     haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; -   R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀     alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)C(═O)OR⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)(CR⁵²R⁵³)_(v)C(═O)R⁴¹, or —(C₁-C₆     alkylene)[OC(═O)R⁴⁰]₂; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³¹, R³²,     R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   or R³⁴ and R³² are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; and n is 0; -   or R³⁴ and R³¹ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; and n and p are 0; -   or R³⁴ and R³⁰ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; and n, m, and p are 0; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R²⁴; -   R⁴¹ is a glycerol ester derivative or C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); -   R⁵² and R⁵³ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); -   each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c),     —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; -   each R²⁴ are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c),     —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; and -   each v is independently 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, and aryl is independently optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl);     wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or     cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl; wherein alkyl is     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two,     or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each hydrogen; -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—; -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen or halogen; -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   Y⁴ is —O— or —NH—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R^(20c); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20f); -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl) optionally substituted with one, two,     or three R^(20g); -   n is 1, m is 0, and p is 0; -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl; wherein     each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen; -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or     C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; -   R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀     alkyl, aryl, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)C(═O)OR⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)(CR⁵²R⁵³)_(v)C(═O)R⁴¹, or —(C₁-C₆     alkylene)[OC(═O)R⁴⁰]₂; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³¹, R³²,     R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R²⁴; -   R⁴¹ is a glycerol ester derivative or C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆     heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); -   R⁵² and R⁵³ are each independently hydrogen or halogen; -   each R²² is independently aryl or heteroaryl; wherein each aryl and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; -   each R²⁴ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;     and -   each v is independently 1 or 2.

For any and all of the embodiments of Formula (III) or (III′), substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁸ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, X is —CR¹¹R¹²—; and R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen or halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, X is —O—.

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variables is contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.

In some embodiments the compound of is of Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

For any and all of the embodiments of Formula (III), (III′), or (IIIa), substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, m is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, m is 1. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, p is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, p is 1.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y¹ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y² is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y¹ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y² is —CR¹³R¹⁴—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), or (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIf′) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 1; Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 1; Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 1; Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n and m are each 1; p is 0; Y² and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)—OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n and m are each 1; p is 0; Y² and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n and m are each 1; p is 0; Y² and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(V)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ is halogen or alkyl; and R¹⁴ are hydrogen, halogen, or alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently halogen or alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰ and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³⁰ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰ and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III) or Formula (IIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³⁰ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰ and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³⁰ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variables is contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.

In some embodiments the compound of is of Formula (IIIb) or (IIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

For any and all of the embodiments of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa), (IIIb), or (IIIb′), substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa), (IIIb), or (IIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa), (IIIb), or (IIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, or —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁵ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa), (IIIb), or (IIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa), (IIIb), or (IIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa), (IIIb), or (IIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; R⁵ is halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R⁶ is hydrogen; and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa), (IIIb), or (IIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; R⁵ is hydrogen; R⁶ is halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa), (IIIb), or (IIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ is halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁷ is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa), (IIIb), or (IIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ is —OH; R⁷ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa), (IIIb), or (IIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁷ is halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁴ is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa), (IIIb), or (IIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁷ is —OH; R⁴ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variables is contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.

In some embodiments the compound of is of Formula (IIIc) or (IIIc′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments the compound of is of Formula (IIId) or (IIId′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments the compound of is of Formula (IIIe) or (IIIe′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments the compound of is of Formula (IIIf) or (IIIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

For any and all of the embodiments of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), substituents are selected from among a subset of the listed alternatives.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ is halogen or alkyl; and R¹⁴ are hydrogen, halogen, or alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently halogen or alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and at least one of R¹³ and R¹⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a).

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one R^(20a); R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one R^(20a); R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one R^(20a); R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; wherein cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is cycloalkyl; wherein cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is cycloalkyl; wherein cycloalkyl is fused to an aryl or heteroaryl ring and is optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is cycloalkyl; wherein cycloalkyl is fused to an aryl ring and is optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is cycloalkyl; wherein cycloalkyl is fused to an aryl ring and is optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is cycloalkyl; wherein cycloalkyl is fused to an aryl ring and is optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, each R^(20a) is independently halogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine or a pyrrolidine optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine or a pyrrolidine optionally substituted with one R^(20a); and each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R^(20a) is aryl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); each R^(20b) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20g) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²% each R^(20b) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R²⁰ s is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is chloro. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is —CN. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is —CF₃.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y⁴ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y⁴ is —NH—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, A is —O—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (III), (III′), (IIIa)-(IIIf), or (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, A is —CH₂—.

In some embodiments provided herein is a compound having the structure of Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵,     —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆     alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y³ is —O—, —S—, or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶R¹⁷, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,     alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is     independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R^(20e); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein     each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,     and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20f); -   or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which     they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(b), —C(═O)R^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆     alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆     alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; and -   R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl),     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)C(═O)OR⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)(CR⁵²R⁵³)_(v)C(═O)R⁴¹,     or —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)[OC(═O)R⁴⁰]₂; provided that at least one of R³⁰,     R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₁-C₂₀     heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆     alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²⁴; -   R⁴¹ is a glycerol ester derivative, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl,     C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₁-C₂₀ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each     alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); -   R⁵² and R⁵³ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); -   each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl),     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; -   each R²⁴ are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),     —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),     —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),     —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),     —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),     C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,     cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; and -   v is 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, and     heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two,     or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   Y⁴ is —O— or —NH—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein each     alkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20e); -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20f); -   R¹⁸ is cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, and     heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20g); -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and     R^(20g) are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c),     —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl; wherein each     alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c); -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆     haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; -   R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl),     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)C(═O)OR⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)(CR⁵²R⁵³)_(v)C(═O)R⁴¹,     or —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)[OC(═O)R⁴⁰]₂; provided that at least one of R³⁰,     R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R²⁴; -   R⁴¹ is a glycerol ester derivative or C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); -   R⁵² and R⁵³ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); -   each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c),     —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; -   each R²⁴ are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c),     —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; and -   each v is independently 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, or     heterocycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, and     heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20b); -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,     C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); -   R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two,     or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   Y⁴ is —O—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R^(20e); -   R¹⁸ is cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, and     heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R^(20g); -   each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), and R^(20g) are     independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c),     —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl; wherein each     alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c); -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆     haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; -   R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl),     C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)C(═O)OR⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰,     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)(CR⁵²R⁵³)_(v)C(═O)R⁴¹,     or —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)[OC(═O)R⁴⁰]₂; provided that at least one of R³⁰,     R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R²⁴; -   R⁴¹ is a glycerol ester derivative or C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); -   R⁵² and R⁵³ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); each R²² is independently     C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;     wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c),     —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; -   each R²⁴ are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c),     —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; and -   each v is independently 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen; -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, or     C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two,     or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   Y⁴ is —O—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆     alkyl; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a),     —NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl;     wherein each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R²¹, each R²¹ is independently halogen, —OH,     —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c); -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆     haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; -   R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     cycloalkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; provided that     at least one of R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); -   each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,     aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c),     —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; and -   each v is independently 1 or 2.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen; -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, or     C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two,     or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   Y⁴ is —O—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆     alkyl; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a),     —NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl;     wherein each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c); -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆     haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; -   R³⁰ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; -   R³³ and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); -   each R²² is independently cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or     heteroaryl; wherein each cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;     and -   each v is independently 1 or 2.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen; -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, or     C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two,     or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   Y⁴ is —O—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆     alkyl; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a),     —NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl;     wherein each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c); -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆     haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; -   R³³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; -   R³⁰ and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); -   each R²² is independently cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or     heteroaryl; wherein each cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;     and -   each v is independently 1 or 2.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

-   A is —O— or —CH₂—; -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally     substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they     are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with     one, two, or three R^(20a); -   R³ is halogen; -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, or     C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two,     or three halogen; -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl     optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; -   Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; -   Y⁴ is —O—; -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆     alkyl; -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a),     —NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl;     wherein each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted     with one, two, or three R²¹; -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —OH, —OR^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c); -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆     hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; and -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆     haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, or C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl; -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to     which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally     substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆     haloalkyl; -   R³⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; -   R³⁰ and R³³ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆     alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or     —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are     attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one,     two, or three R²²; -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three     R²⁴; -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,     C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); -   each R²² is independently cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or     heteroaryl; wherein each cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and     heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or     three R²³; -   each R²³ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;     and -   each v is independently 1 or 2.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁸ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments, the compound is of Formula (IVa) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ is halogen or alkyl; and R¹⁴ are hydrogen, halogen, or alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently halogen or alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and at least one of R¹³ and R¹⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y⁴ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y⁴ is —NH—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, or —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; R⁵ is halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R⁶ is hydrogen; and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; R⁵ is hydrogen; R⁶ is halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ is halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁵C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁷ is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ is —OH; R⁷ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁷ is halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁴ is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁷ is —OH; R⁴ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, each R^(20a) is independently halogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine or a pyrrolidine optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine or a pyrrolidine optionally substituted with one R^(20a); and each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); each R^(20b) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20g) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); each R^(20b) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20g) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, A is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, A is —CH₂—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)PC(═O)OR⁴⁰; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; and R³³ and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³³ and R³⁴ are hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³³ and R³⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; and R³⁰ and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³⁰ and R³⁴ are hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³⁰ and R³⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; and R³³ and R³⁰ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³³ and R³⁰ are hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³³ and R³⁰ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (IIIb)-(IIIf), (IIIb′)-(IIIf′), (IV), or (IVa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰ or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)(OC(═O)OR⁴⁰.

In some embodiments provided herein is a compound having the structure of Formula (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

wherein:

-   -   A is —O— or —CH₂—;     -   W is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),         —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),         —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),         —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),         —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),         C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆         alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R²⁰;     -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆         alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵,         —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R^(20a);     -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally         substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a);     -   R³ is halogen, —CN, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl,         C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein         each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,         aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted         with one, two, or three R^(20b);     -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,         —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)₂R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl,         C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or         heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently         optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c);     -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,         —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;         wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently         optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d);     -   R⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted         with one, two, or three halogen;     -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆         alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen;     -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—;     -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆         alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen;     -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O—, —S—, or —CR¹³R¹⁴—;     -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH,         —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶R¹⁷, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one,         two, or three halogen;     -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl,         alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,         two, or three R^(20e);     -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆         alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein         each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,         aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted         with one, two, or three R^(20f);     -   or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to         which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally         substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or         C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;     -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R^(20g);     -   n, m, and p, are each independently 0 or 1;     -   each R²⁰, R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20c), R^(20f),         and R^(20g) are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH,         —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a),         —NHS(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a),         —C(═O)OR^(b), —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),         —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a),         —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆         alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),         or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R²¹;     -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH,         —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a),         —NHS(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a),         —C(═O)OR^(b), —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),         —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a),         —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆         hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or cycloalkyl;     -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆         alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and     -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,         C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆         hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,         aryl, or heteroaryl;     -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to         which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally         substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or         C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, when p is 0; m is 0; n is 1; Y³—O— or —S—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, when p is 0; m is 0; n is 1; Y³—CR¹³R¹⁴—; and one of R¹³ or R¹⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, W is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, one of R⁹ or R¹⁰ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁸ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁸ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, X is —CR¹¹R¹²—; and R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen or halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, X is —O—.

In some embodiments the compound of is of Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, m is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, m is 1. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, p is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, p is 1.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y¹ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y² is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y¹ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y² is —CR¹³R¹⁴—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, m is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, m is 1. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, p is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, p is 1.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y¹ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y² is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y¹ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y² is —CR¹³R¹⁴—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 1; Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 1; Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n and m are each 1; p is 0; Y² and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n and m are each 1; p is 0; Y² and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V) or Formula (Va), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 0.

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (Vb) or (Vb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va), (Vb), or (Vb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va), (Vb), or (Vb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, or —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va), (Vb), or (Vb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va), (Vb), or (Vb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va), (Vb), or (Vb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; R⁵ is halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R⁶ is hydrogen; and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va), (Vb), or (Vb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; R⁵ is hydrogen; R⁶ is halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va), (Vb), or (Vb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ is halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁷ is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va), (Vb), or (Vb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ is —OH; R⁷ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va), (Vb), or (Vb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁷ is halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁴ is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va), (Vb), or (Vb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁷ is —OH; R⁴ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (Vc) or (Vc′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (Vd) or (Vd′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (Ve) or (Ve′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (Vf) or (Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ is halogen or alkyl; and R¹⁴ are hydrogen, halogen, or alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently halogen or alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and at least one of R¹³ and R¹⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a).

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optimally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, each R^(20a) is independently halogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine or a pyrrolidine optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine or a pyrrolidine optionally substituted with one R^(20a); and each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R^(20a) is aryl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); R¹⁸ is cycloalkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and each R^(20b) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); R¹⁸ is cycloalkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and each R^(20b) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is chloro. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is —CN. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is —CF₃.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, A is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, A is —CH₂—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, W is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²⁰; each R²⁰ is independently halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (V), (Va)-(Vf), or (Vb′)-(Vf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, W is hydrogen.

In some embodiments provided herein is a compound having the structure of Formula (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

wherein:

-   -   A is —O— or —CH₂—;     -   W is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),         —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),         —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),         —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),         —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),         C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆         alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R²⁰;     -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆         alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵,         —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R^(20a);     -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally         substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a);     -   R³ is halogen, —CN, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl,         C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein         each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,         aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted         with one, two, or three R^(20b);     -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,         —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;         wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently         optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c);     -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,         —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;         wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently         optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d);     -   R⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted         with one, two, or three halogen;     -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆         alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen;     -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—;     -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆         alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen;     -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O—, —S—, or —CR¹³R¹⁴—;     -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH,         —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶R¹⁷, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one,         two, or three halogen;     -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl,         alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,         two, or three R^(20e);     -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆         alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein         each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,         aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted         with one, two, or three R^(20f);     -   or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to         which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally         substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or         C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;     -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R^(20g);     -   Z is —C(═O)OR¹⁹;     -   R¹⁹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆         alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),         C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R^(20h);     -   n, m, and p, are each independently 0 or 1;     -   each R²⁰, R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f),         R^(20g), R^(20h) and are independently halogen, —CN, —OH,         —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c),         —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a),         —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b), —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),         —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a),         —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆         alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),         or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R²¹;     -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH,         —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a),         —NHS(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a),         —C(═O)OR^(b), —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),         —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a),         —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆         hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, or cycloalkyl;     -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆         alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and     -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,         C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆         hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,         aryl, or heteroaryl;     -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to         which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally         substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or         C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁸ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, X is —CR¹¹R¹²—; and R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen or halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, X is —O—.

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, m is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, m is 1. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, p is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, p is 1.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y¹ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y² is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y¹ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y² is —CR¹³R¹⁴—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 1; Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 1; Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n and m are each 1; p is 0; Y² and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n and m are each 1; p is 0; Y² and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 0.

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (VIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), Formula (VIa), or Formula (VIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), Formula (VIa), or Formula (VIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, or —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), Formula (VIa), or Formula (VIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), Formula (VIa), or Formula (VIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), Formula (VIa), or Formula (VIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; R⁵ is halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R⁶ is hydrogen; and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), Formula (VIa), or Formula (VIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; R⁵ is hydrogen; R⁶ is halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), Formula (VIa), or Formula (VIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ is halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁷ is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), Formula (VIa), or Formula (VIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ is —OH; R⁷ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), Formula (VIa), or Formula (VIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁷ is halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹³, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁴ is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI), Formula (VIa), or Formula (VIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁷ is —OH; R⁴ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (Vic), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (VId), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (Vie), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a).

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R^(20a) is halogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine or a pyrrolidine optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine or a pyrrolidine optionally substituted with one R^(20a); and each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R^(20a) is aryl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); each R^(20b) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20g) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); each R^(20b) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20g) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is chloro. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is —CN. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is —CF₃.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹⁹ is hydrogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹⁹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20h); each R^(20h) is independently halogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, A is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, A is —CH₂—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, W is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²⁰; each R²⁰ is independently halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VI) or Formula (VIa)-(VIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, W is hydrogen.

In some embodiments provided herein is a compound having the structure of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

wherein:

-   -   A is —O— or —CH₂—;     -   W is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a),         —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a),         —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b),         —OC(O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),         —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b),         C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆         alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R²⁰;     -   R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆         alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵,         —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R^(20a);     -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which         they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally         substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a);     -   R³ is halogen, —CN, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl,         C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C_(t)—C₆         alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein         each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,         aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted         with one, two, or three R^(20b);     -   R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,         —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;         wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently         optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c);     -   R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵,         —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;         wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently         optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d);     -   R⁸ is hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted         with one, two, or three halogen;     -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆         alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen;     -   X is —O— or —CR¹¹R¹²—;     -   R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆         alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen;     -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O—, —S—, or —CR¹³R¹⁴—;     -   Y⁴ is —O— or —NH—;     -   R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH,         —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶R¹⁷, C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one,         two, or three halogen;     -   R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl,         alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and         heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one,         two, or three R^(20e);     -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆         alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein         each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,         aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted         with one, two, or three R^(20f);     -   or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to         which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally         substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or         C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;     -   R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R^(20g);     -   n, m, and p, are each independently 0 or 1;     -   each R²⁰, R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R^(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f),         and R^(20g) are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH,         —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a),         —NHS(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a),         —C(═OR^(b), —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),         —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a),         —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆         alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),         or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R²¹;     -   each R²¹ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH,         —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a),         —NHS(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a),         —C(═O)OR^(b), —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),         —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a),         —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆         hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, or         heterocycloalkyl;     -   each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆         alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;     -   R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,         C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆         hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;     -   or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to         which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally         substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or         C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; and     -   R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen,         C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)C(═O)OR⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰,         —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰,         —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)(CR⁵²R⁵³)_(v)C(═O)R⁴¹, or —(C₁-C₆         alkylene)[OC(═O)R⁴⁰]₂; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³¹,         R³², R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen;     -   or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they         are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted         with one, two, or three R²²;     -   or R³⁴ and R³² are taken together with the atoms to which they         are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted         with one, two, or three R²²; and n is 0;     -   or R³⁴ and R³¹ are taken together with the atoms to which they         are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted         with one, two, or three R²²; and n and p are 0;     -   or R³⁴ and R³⁰ are taken together with the atoms to which they         are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted         with one, two, or three R²²; and n, m, and p are 0;     -   R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₁-C₂₀         heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein         each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,         aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted         with one, two, or three R²⁴;     -   R⁴¹ is a glycerol ester derivative, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀         alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₁-C₂₀ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆         alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R²⁴;     -   R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆         alkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl);     -   R⁵² and R⁵³ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆         alkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆         alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl);     -   each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆         alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl),         C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is         independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three         R²³;     -   each R²³ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH,         —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a),         —NHS(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a),         —C(═O)OR^(b), —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),         —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a),         —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆         hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, or         heterocycloalkyl;     -   each R²⁴ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH,         —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a),         —NHS(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a),         —C(═O)OR^(b), —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c),         —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a),         —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆         hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, or         heterocycloalkyl; and     -   v is 1, 2, 3, or 4;

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, when p is 0; m is 0; n is 1; and one of R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ is —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; then the remaining R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ are not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, when p is 0; m is 0; n is 1; Y³—O— or —S—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, when p is 0; m is 0; n is 1; Y³—CR¹³R¹⁴—; and one of R¹³ or R¹⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, W is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, one of R⁹ or R¹⁰ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁸ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁸ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, X is —CR¹¹R¹²—; and R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen or halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, X is —O—.

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, m is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, m is 1. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, p is 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, p is 1.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y¹ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y² is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y¹ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y² is —CR¹³R¹⁴—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 1; Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n and m are each 1; p is 0; Y² and Y³ are independently —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)—OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n is 1; m and p are each 0; Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, n, m, and p, are each 0. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰ and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each hydrogen; and v is 1 or 2. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII) or Formula (VIIa), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ and R³⁰ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl or aryl, each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (VIIb) or (VIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa), (VIIb), or (VIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa), (VIIb), or (VIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, or —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa), (VIIb), or (VIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa), (VIIb), or (VIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa), (VIIb), or (VIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; R⁵ is halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R⁶ is hydrogen; and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa), (VIIb), or (VIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; R⁵ is hydrogen; R⁶ is halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa), (VIIb), or (VIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ is halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁷ is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa), (VIIb), or (VIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁴ is —OH; R⁷ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa), (VIIb), or (VIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁷ is halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁴ is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa), (VIIb), or (VIIb′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R⁷ is —OH; R⁴ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (VIIc) or (VIIc′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (VIId) or (VIId′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (VIIe) or (VIIe′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments the compound is of Formula (VIIf) or (VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —O— or —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ is halogen or alkyl; and R¹⁴ are hydrogen, halogen, or alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each independently halogen or alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are alkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; and at least one of R¹³ and R¹⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a).

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, each R^(20a) is independently halogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIII), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine or a pyrrolidine optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine or a pyrrolidine optionally substituted with one R^(20a); and each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIII), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R^(20a) is aryl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R¹ and R² are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); each R^(20b) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20g) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); each R^(20b) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20g) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is chloro. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is —CN. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³ is —CF₃.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y⁴ is —O—. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, Y⁴ is —NH—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, A is —O—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, A is —CH₂—.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, W is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²⁰; each R²⁰ is independently halogen. In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VII), (VIIa)-(VIIf), or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, W is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb)-(VIIf) or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb)-(VIIf) or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb)-(VIIf) or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb)-(VIIf) or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; and R³³ and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb)-(VIIf) or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³³ and R³⁴ are hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb)-(VIIf) or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³³ and R³⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb)-(VIIf) or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; and R³⁰ and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb)-(VIIf) or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³⁰ and R³⁴ are hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb)-(VIIf) or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³⁰ and R³⁴ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb)-(VIIf) or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; and R³³ and R³⁰ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb)-(VIIf) or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³³ and R³⁰ are hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb)-(VIIf) or (VIIb′)-(VIIf), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³³ and R³⁰ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of a compound of Formula (VIIb)-(VIIf) or (VIIb′)-(VIIf′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰ or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰.

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variables is contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.

In some embodiments is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, having a structure selected from:

Ex. STRUCTURE NAME 1

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(7-(benzylamino)-5- chloro-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3- yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 2

(((((1R,2R,3S,4R)-4-(5-chloro-7-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,3- dihydroxycyclopentyl)methoxy)(hydroxy) phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid 3

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((((R)- tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl)amino)-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 4

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(7-amino-5-chloro-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 5

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7- ((cyclopropylmethyl)amino)-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 6

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 7

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((4- chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 8

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-1- phenylethyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 9

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-1-(2- chlorophenyl)ethyl)amino)-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 10

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((R)-2- phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 11

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((S)-2- phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 12

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-1-(2- chlorophenyl)ethyl)(methyl)amino)-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 13

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-(methyl((S)- 1-phenylethyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 14

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((3- chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 15

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(7- (benzyl(methyl)amino)-5-chloro-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 16

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((S)-2- phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 17

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((R)-2- phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 18

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-2,3- dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 19

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-(((R)-2,3- dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 20

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-2,3- dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)amino)-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 21

(((((1R,2R,3S,4R)-4-(5-chloro-7-((2- chlorobenzyl)(methyl)amino)-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,3- dihydroxycyclopentyl)methoxy)(hydroxy) phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid 22

(((((2S,4R,5R)-5-(7-(benzyl(methyl)amino)- 5-chloro-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin- 3-yl)-4-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 23

(((((2S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxytetrahydrofuran- 2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 24

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-2,3- dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 25

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(ethoxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 26

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 27

(((R)-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-Chloro-7-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 28

(((S)-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 29

(((benzyloxy)(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7- ((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid 30

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy) (cyclopropylmethoxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 31

(((((2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-(5-chloro-7-(((R)-2,3- dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)amino)-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 32

(((S)-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 33

(((R)-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 34

(((((2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-2,3- dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)amino)-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 35

(((((1R,2R,3S,4S)-4-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-2,3- dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)amino)-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,3- dihydroxycyclopentyl)methoxy) (hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid 36

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-(((R)-2,3- dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-3H- [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 37

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7- (cyclopentylamino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid *stereochemistry assigned randomly

In some embodiments is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, having a structure selected from:

Ex. STRUCTURE NAME 38

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-chloro-4-(((R)-2,3- dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-1H- pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 39

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Chloro-4-(((R)-2,3- dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-1H- pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 40

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Chloro-4-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-3- methyltetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 41

(((((2R,3S,5R)-5-(6-chloro-4-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran- 2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 42

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-chloro-4-(methyl((R)- 1-phenylethyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 43

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4- (benzyl(methyl)amino)-6-chloro-3-methyl- 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 44

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-chloro-4-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-3-methyl-1H- pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 45

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-chloro-4-(((R)-1-(2- chlorophenyl)ethyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 46

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-chloro-4-(((S)-1-(2- chlorophenyl)ethyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 47

(((((2S,4R,5R)-5-(4-(benzyl(methyl)amino)- 6-chloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)- 4-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 48

(((((2S,4R,5R)-5-(6-chloro-4-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-4-hydroxytetrahydrofuran- 2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 49

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-chloro-4-((2- chlorobenzyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid 50

(((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-chloro-4-(((R)-2,3- dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-1H- pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl) phosphonic acid

In some embodiments is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, having a structure selected from:

wherein A is —O— or —CH₂—.

In some embodiments is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, having a structure selected from:

wherein A is —O— or —CH₂—. Further Forms of Compounds Disclosed Herein Isomers/Stereoisomers

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist as geometric isomers. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein possess one or more double bonds. The compounds presented herein include all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), and zusammen (Z) isomers as well as the corresponding mixtures thereof. In some situations, the compounds described herein possess one or more chiral centers and each center exists in the R configuration, or S configuration. The compounds described herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the corresponding mixtures thereof. In additional embodiments of the compounds and methods provided herein, mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereoisomers, resulting from a single preparative step, combination, or interconversion are useful for the applications described herein. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers. In some embodiments, dissociable complexes are preferred. In some embodiments, the diastereomers have distinct physical properties (e.g., melting points, boiling points, solubilities, reactivity, etc.) and are separated by taking advantage of these dissimilarities. In some embodiments, the diastereomers are separated by chiral chromatography, or preferably, by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility. In some embodiments, the optically pure enantiomer is then recovered, along with the resolving agent.

Labeled Compounds

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in their isotopically-labeled forms. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include methods of treating diseases by administering such isotopically-labeled compounds. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include methods of treating diseases by administering such isotopically-labeled compounds as pharmaceutical compositions. Thus, in some embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds disclosed herein, or a solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, and chloride, such as ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, and ³⁶Cl, respectively. Compounds described herein, and the metabolites, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, prodrugs, solvate, hydrates or derivatives thereof which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention. Certain isotopically-labeled compounds, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as ³H and ¹⁴C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i.e., ³H and carbon-14, i.e., ¹⁴C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavy isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., ²H, produces certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. In some embodiments, the isotopically labeled compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof is prepared by any suitable method.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are labeled by other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist as their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include methods of treating diseases by administering such pharmaceutically acceptable salts. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include methods of treating diseases by administering such pharmaceutically acceptable salts as pharmaceutical compositions.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein possess acidic or basic groups and therefor react with any of a number of inorganic or organic bases, and inorganic and organic acids, to form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In some embodiments, these salts are prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds disclosed herein, or by separately reacting a purified compound in its free form with a suitable acid or base, and isolating the salt thus formed.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those salts prepared by reaction of the compounds described herein with a mineral, organic acid, or inorganic base, such salts including acetate, acrylate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, bisulfite, bromide, butyrate, butyn-1,4-dioate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, caproate, caprylate, chlorobenzoate, chloride, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, decanoate, digluconate, dihydrogenphosphate, dinitrobenzoate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hexyne-1,6-dioate, hydroxybenzoate, γ-hydroxybutyrate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, iodide, isobutyrate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, mandelate metaphosphate, methanesulfonate, methoxybenzoate, methylbenzoate, monohydrogenphosphate, 1-napthalenesulfonate, 2-napthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, pyrosulfate, pyrophosphate, propiolate, phthalate, phenylacetate, phenylbutyrate, propanesulfonate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate, sulfite, succinate, suberate, sebacate, sulfonate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylateundeconate, and xylenesulfonate.

Further, the compounds described herein can be prepared as pharmaceutically acceptable salts formed by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid, including, but not limited to, inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid metaphosphoric acid, and the like; and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, tartaric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, arylsulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo-[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 4,4′-methylenebis-(3-hydroxy-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid), 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, and muconic acid.

In some embodiments, those compounds described herein which comprise a free acid group react with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amine. Representative salts include the alkali or alkaline earth salts, like lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like. Illustrative examples of bases include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, choline hydroxide, sodium carbonate, N⁺(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₄, and the like.

Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, and the like. It should be understood that the compounds described herein also include the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups they contain. In some embodiments, water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are obtained by such quaternization.

Solvates

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist as solvates. The invention provides for methods of treating diseases by administering such solvates. The invention further provides for methods of treating diseases by administering such solvates as pharmaceutical compositions.

Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and, in some embodiments, are formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Solvates of the compounds described herein can be conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein. By way of example only, hydrates of the compounds described herein can be conveniently prepared by recrystallization from an aqueous/organic solvent mixture, using organic solvents including, but not limited to, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, or methanol. In addition, the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.

Tautomers

In some situations, compounds exist as tautomers. The compounds described herein include all possible tautomers within the formulas described herein. Tautomers are compounds that are interconvertible by migration of a hydrogen atom, accompanied by a switch of a single bond and adjacent double bond. In bonding arrangements where tautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will exist. All tautomeric forms of the compounds disclosed herein are contemplated. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent, and pH. Some examples of tautomeric interconversions include:

Preparation of the Compounds

The compounds used in the reactions described herein are made according to organic synthesis techniques known to those skilled in this art, starting from commercially available chemicals and/or from compounds described in the chemical literature. “Commercially available chemicals” are obtained from standard commercial sources including Acros Organics (Pittsburgh, Pa.), Aldrich Chemical (Milwaukee, Wis., including Sigma Chemical and Fluka), Apin Chemicals Ltd. (Milton Park, UK), Avocado Research (Lancashire, U.K.), BDH Inc. (Toronto, Canada), Bionet (Cornwall, U.K.), Chemservice Inc. (West Chester, Pa.), Crescent Chemical Co. (Hauppauge, N.Y.), Eastman Organic Chemicals, Eastman Kodak Company (Rochester, N.Y.), Fisher Scientific Co. (Pittsburgh, Pa.), Fisons Chemicals (Leicestershire, UK), Frontier Scientific (Logan, Utah), ICN Biomedicals, Inc. (Costa Mesa, Calif.), Key Organics (Cornwall, U.K.), Lancaster Synthesis (Windham, N.H.), Maybridge Chemical Co. Ltd. (Cornwall, U.K.), Parish Chemical Co. (Orem, Utah), Pfaltz & Bauer, Inc. (Waterbury, Conn.), Polyorganix (Houston, Tex.), Pierce Chemical Co. (Rockford, Ill.), Riedel de Haen AG (Hanover, Germany), Spectrum Quality Product, Inc. (New Brunswick, N.J.), TCI America (Portland, Oreg.), Trans World Chemicals, Inc. (Rockville, Md.), and Wako Chemicals USA, Inc. (Richmond, Va.).

Suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation, include for example, “Synthetic Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; S. R. Sandler et al., “Organic Functional Group Preparations,” 2nd Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1983; H. O. House, “Modem Synthetic Reactions”, 2nd Ed., W. A. Benjamin, Inc. Menlo Park, Calif. 1972; T. L. Gilchrist, “Heterocyclic Chemistry”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992; J. March, “Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure”, 4th Ed, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1992. Additional suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation, include for example, Fuhrhop, J. and Penzlin G. “Organic Synthesis: Concepts, Methods, Starting Materials”, Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition (1994) John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3-527-29074-5; Hoffman, R. V. “Organic Chemistry, An Intermediate Text” (1996) Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-509618-5; Larock, R. C. “Comprehensive Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group Preparations” 2nd Edition (1999) Wiley-VCH, ISBN: 0-471-19031-4; March, J. “Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure” 4th Edition (1992) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-471-60180-2; Otera, J. (editor) “Modern Carbonyl Chemistry” (2000) Wiley-VCH, ISBN: 3-527-29871-1; Patai, S. “Patai's 1992 Guide to the Chemistry of Functional Groups” (1992) Interscience ISBN: 0-471-93022-9; Solomons, T. W. G. “Organic Chemistry” 7th Edition (2000) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-471-19095-0; Stowell, J. C., “Intermediate Organic Chemistry” 2nd Edition (1993) Wiley-Interscience, ISBN: 0-471-57456-2; “Industrial Organic Chemicals: Starting Materials and Intermediates: An Ullmann's Encyclopedia” (1999) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 3-527-29645-X, in 8 volumes; “Organic Reactions” (1942-2000) John Wiley & Sons, in over 55 volumes; and “Chemistry of Functional Groups” John Wiley & Sons, in 73 volumes.

Specific and analogous reactants are optionally identified through the indices of known chemicals prepared by the Chemical Abstract Service of the American Chemical Society, which are available inmost public and university libraries, as well as through on-line databases (contact the American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. for more details). Chemicals that are known but not commercially available in catalogs are optionally prepared by custom chemical synthesis houses, where many of the standard chemical supply houses (e.g., those listed above) provide custom synthesis services. A reference for the preparation and selection of pharmaceutical salts of the compounds described herein is P. H. Stahl & C. G. Wermuth “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts”, Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta, Zurich, 2002.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are prepared as outlined in Schemes 1-3.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In certain embodiments, the compound disclosed herein is administered as a pure chemical. In some embodiments, the compound disclosed herein is combined with a pharmaceutically suitable or acceptable carrier (also referred to herein as a pharmaceutically suitable (or acceptable) excipient, physiologically suitable (or acceptable) excipient, or physiologically suitable (or acceptable) carrier) selected on the basis of a chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice as described, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Gennaro, 21^(st) Ed. Mack Pub. Co., Easton, Pa. (2005)).

Accordingly, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The carrier(s) (or excipient(s)) is acceptable or suitable if the carrier is compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not deleterious to the recipient (i.e., the subject) of the composition.

One embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof.

In certain embodiments, the compound disclosed herein is substantially pure, in that it contains less than about 5%, or less than about 1%, or less than about 0.1%, of other organic small molecules, such as unreacted intermediates or synthesis by-products that are created, for example, in one or more of the steps of a synthesis method.

Pharmaceutical compositions are administered in a manner appropriate to the disease to be treated (or prevented). An appropriate dose and a suitable duration and frequency of administration will be determined by such factors as the condition of the patient, the type and severity of the patient's disease, the particular form of the active ingredient, and the method of administration. In general, an appropriate dose and treatment regimen provides the composition(s) in an amount sufficient to provide therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit (e.g., an improved clinical outcome, such as more frequent complete or partial remissions, or longer disease-free and/or overall survival, or a lessening of symptom severity. Optimal doses are generally determined using experimental models and/or clinical trials. The optimal dose depends upon the body mass, weight, or blood volume of the patient.

Oral doses typically range from about 1.0 mg to about 1000 mg, one to four times, or more, per day.

Methods of Treatment

The compounds disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, are useful as inhibitors of CD73 and, therefore, useful in the treatment of diseases or disorders in which it is believed CD73 activity plays a role. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is an infection. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a psychiatric disorder.

Disclosed herein are methods of treating a subject with a disorder mediated by CD73 comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof.

Cancer

CD73 has been found to be overexpressed in many cancer cell lines and tumor types including breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, and gallbladder cancer and associated with poor prognosis. Increasing evidence suggests that CD73 is a key protein molecule in cancer development.

Higher expression levels of CD73 are associated with tumor neovascularization, invasiveness, resistance to chemotherapy and metastasis, and with shorter patient survival time in cancer. In some embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein are useful in reducing tumor neovascularization, invasiveness, resistance to chemotherapy and metastasis, as well as to lengthen patient survival time in cancer patients. In some embodiments, the CD73 inhibitors disclosed herein are used to control tumor neovascularization, progression, resistance to chemotherapy, and metastasis.

One embodiment provides a method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a compound of disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof.

In some embodiments, the cancer is chemoresistant cancer, radio resistant cancer, anti-hormonal therapy resistant cancer, or treatment refractory cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is relapsed cancer, persistent cancer, or recurrent cancer. Another embodiment provided herein describes a method of reducing incidences of cancer recurrence. Also provided here in some embodiments, is a method for treating a therapy-resistant cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is metastasic cancer.

In certain embodiments, the cancer treatable with the methods provided herein includes, but is not limited to, (1) leukemias, including, but not limited to, acute leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemias such as myeloblastic, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic, erythroleukemia leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome or a symptom thereof (such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, bicytopenia, or pancytopenia), refractory anemia (RA), RA with ringed sideroblasts (RARS), RA with excess blasts (RAEB), RAEB in transformation (RAEB-T), preleukemia, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML); (2) chronic leukemias, including, but not limited to, chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and hairy cell leukemia; (3) polycythemia vera; (4) lymphomas, including, but not limited to, Hodgkin s disease and non-Hodgkin s disease; (5) multiple myelomas, including, but not limited to, smoldering multiple myeloma, non-secretoiy myeloma, osteosclerotic myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, solitary plasmacytoma, and extramedullary plasmacytoma; (6) Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia; (7) monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; (8) benign monoclonal gammopathy; (9) heavy chain disease; (10) bone and connective tissue sarcomas, including, but not limited to, bone sarcoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing s sarcoma, malignant giant cell tumor, fibrosarcoma of bone, chordoma, periosteal sarcoma, soft-tissue sarcomas, angiosarcoma (hemangiosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, metastatic cancers, neurilemmoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma, (11) brain tumors, including, but not limited to, glioma, astrocytoma, brain stem glioma, ependymoma, aligodendrogliorna, nonglial tumor, acoustic neurinoma, craniopharyngioma, medulloblastoma, meningioma, pineocytoma, pineoblastoma, and primary brain lymphoma; (12) breast cancer, including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma, lobular (small cell) carcinoma, intraductal carcinoma, medullary breast cancer, mutinous breast cancer, tubular breast cancer, papillary breast cancer, primary cancers, Paget's disease, and inflammatory breast cancer; (13) adrenal cancer, including, but not limited to, pheochromocytom and adrenocortical carcinoma; (14) thyroid cancer, including, but not limited to, papillary or follicular thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, and anaplastic thyroid cancer; (15) pancreatic cancer, including, but not limited to, insulinoma, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, vipoma, somatostatin-secreting tumor, and carcinoid or islet cell tumor; (16) pituitary cancer, including, but limited to, Cushing's disease, prol actin-secreting tumor, acromegaly, and diabetes insipius; (17) eye cancer, including, but not limited, to ocular melanoma such as iris melanoma, choroidal melanoma, and cilliary body melanoma, and retinoblastoma; (18) vaginal cancer, including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and melanoma; (19) vulvar cancer, including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, sarcoma, and Paget's disease; (20) cervical cancers, including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma; (21) uterine cancer, including, but not limited to, endometrial carcinoma and uterine sarcoma; (22) ovarian cancer, including, but not limited to, ovarian epithelial carcinoma, borderline tumor, germ cell tumor, and stromal tumor; (23) esophageal cancer, including, but not limited to, squamous cancer, adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, plasmacytoma, verrucous carcinoma, and oat cell (small cell) carcinoma; (24) stomach cancer, including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma, fungating (polypoid), ulcerating, superficial spreading, diffusely spreading, malignant lymphoma, liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and carcinosarcoma; (25) colon cancer; (26) rectal cancer; (27) liver cancer, including, but not limited to, hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma; (28) gallbladder cancer, including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma; (29) cholangiocarcinomas, including, but not limited to, pappillary, nodular, and diffuse; (30) lung cancer, including, but not limited to, non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma (epidermoid carcinoma), adenocarcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, and small-cell lung cancer; (31) testicular cancer, including, but not limited to, germinal tumor, seminoma, anaplastic, classic (typical), spermatocytic, nonserninoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma carcinoma, and choriocarcinoma (yolk-sac tumor); (32) prostate cancer, including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma; (33) penal cancer; (34) oral cancer, including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinoma; (35) basal cancer; (36) salivary gland cancer, including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and adenoidcystic carcinoma; (37) pharynx cancer, including, but not limited to, squamous cell cancer and verrucous; (38) skin cancer, including, but not limited to, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, lentigo malignant melanoma, and acral lentiginous melanoma; (39) kidney cancer, including, but not limited to, renal cell cancer, adenocarcinoma, hypernephroma, fibrosarcoma, and transitional cell cancer (renal pelvis and/or uterer); (40) Wilms' tumor; (41) bladder cancer, including, but not limited to, transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell cancer, adenocarcinoma, and carcinosarcoma; (42) reproductive cancers, such as cervical cancer, uterus cancer, ovarian cancer, or testicular cancer; (43) esophagus cancer; (44) laryngeal cancer; (45) head and neck cancers (including mouth, nose, throat, larynx, sinuses, or salivary glands cancers); and other cancer, including, not limited to, myxosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangio-endotheliosarcoma, mesothelioma, synovioma, hemangioblastoma, epithelial carcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, and papillary adenocarcinomas (See Fishman et al., 1985, Medicine, 2d Ed., J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia and Murphy et al., 1997, Informed Decisions: The Complete Book of Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery, Viking Penguin, Penguin Books U.S.A., Inc., United States of America).

In certain embodiments, the cancer treatable with the methods provided herein is a hematological malignancy. In certain embodiments, the hematological malignancy is a T-cell malignancy. In certain embodiments, T-cell malignancies include peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), anaplastic large cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), blastic NK-cell lymphoma, enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma, hematosplenic gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, nasal NK/T-cell lymphomas, or treatment-related T-cell lymphomas.

In certain embodiments, the hematological malignancy is a B-cell malignancy. In certain embodiments, B-cell malignancies include acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), high-risk small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), follicular lymphoma (FL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, multiple myeloma, extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, Burkitfs lymphoma, non-Burkitt high grade B cell lymphoma, primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL), immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma, B cell prolymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, plasma cell myeloma, plasmacytoma, mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma, intravascular large B cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, or lymphomatoid granulomatosis. In certain embodiments, the B-cell malignancy is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In certain embodiments, the DLBCL is an activated B-cell DLBCL (ABC-DLBCL), a germinal center B-cell like DLBCL (GBC-DLBCL), a double hit DLBCL (DH-DLBCL), or a triple hit DLBCL (TH-DLBCL).

In certain embodiments, the cancer treatable with the methods provided herein is lung cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, gallbladder cancer, or prostate cancer.

Infections

A number of studies have shown changes in the activity of the CD39/CD73 axis during infections induced by a variety of microorganisms. One embodiment provides a method of treating an infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a compound of disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof.

In some embodiments, the infection is a viral infection, a bacterial infection, or a parasitic infection.

Parasitic Infections

In some embodiments, the infection is a parasitic infection. In some embodiments, the parasitic infection is caused by infection of the subject with a protozoan organism. In some embodiments, the protozoan organism selected from the group consisting of the genera Acanthamoeba, Babesia, Balantidium, Cryptosporidium, Dientamoeba, Eimeria, Entamoeba, Giardia, Isospora, Leishmania, Naegleria, Neospora, Plasmodium, Sarcocystis, Theileria, Toxoplasma, Trichomonas, Trypanosoma, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the parasitic infection is caused by an infection with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). In some embodiments, the parasitic infection is toxoplasmosis. In some embodiments, the toxoplasmosis is acute toxoplasmosis, latent toxoplasmosis, or cutaneous toxoplasmosis.

Acute toxoplasmosis: acute toxoplasmosis is often asymptomatic in healthy adults. However, symptoms may manifest and are often influenza-like: swollen lymph nodes, headaches, fever, fatigue, or muscle aches and pains that last for a month or more. Rarely will a human with a fully functioning immune system develop severe symptoms following infection. People with weakened immune systems are likely to experience headache, confusion, poor coordination, seizures, lung problems that may resemble tuberculosis or Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (a common opportunistic infection that occurs in people with AIDS), or blurred vision caused by severe inflammation of the retina (ocular toxoplasmosis). Young children and immunocompromised people, such as those with HIV/AIDS, those taking certain types of chemotherapy, or those who have recently received an organ transplant, may develop severe toxoplasmosis. In some instances, toxoplasmosis causes damage to the brain (encephalitis) or the eyes (necrotizing retinochoroiditis). Infants infected via placental transmission may be born with either of these problems, or with nasal malformations, although these complications are rare in newborns. The toxoplasmic trophozoites causing acute toxoplasmosis are referred to as tachyzoites, and are typically found in bodily fluids.

Latent toxoplasmosis: due to its asymptomatic nature, it is easy for a host to become infected with Toxoplasma gondii and develop toxoplasmosis without knowing it. Although mild, flu-like symptoms occasionally occur during the first few weeks following exposure, infection with T. gondii produces no readily observable symptoms in healthy human adults. In most immunocompetent people, the infection enters a latent phase, during which only bradyzoites (tissue cysts) are present; these tissue cysts and even lesions can occur in the retinas, alveolar lining of the lungs (where an acute infection may mimic a Pneumocystis jirovecii infection), heart, skeletal muscle, and the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain. Cysts form in the CNS (brain tissue) upon infection with T. gondii and persist for the lifetime of the host. Most infants who are infected while in the womb have no symptoms at birth, but may develop symptoms later in life.

Cutaneous toxoplasmosis: in some embodiments, skin lesions occur in the acquired form of the disease, including roseola and erythema multiforme-like eruptions, prurigo-like nodules, urticaria, and maculopapular lesions. Newborns may have punctate macules or ecchymoses. Diagnosis of cutaneous toxoplasmosis is based on the tachyzoite form of T. gondii being found in the epidermis.

Viral Infections

In some embodiments, the infection is a viral infection. In certain embodiments, the viral infection treatable with the methods provided herein includes, but is not limited to, chickenpox, the flu (influenza), herpes, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS), human papillomavirus (HPV), Infectious mononucleosis, mumps, measles, rubella, shingles, viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu), viral hepatitis, viral meningitis, and viral pneumonia.

Neurodegenerative Diseases

In the central nervous system, adenosine plays a critical role in controlling a multitude of neural functions. Through the activation of P1 receptors, adenosine is involved in diverse physiological and pathological processes such as regulation of sleep, general arousal state and activity, local neuronal excitability, and coupling of the cerebral blood flow to the energy demand. In some embodiments, the manipulation of adenosine production via CD73 inhibitors has therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases. One embodiment provides a method of treating a neurodegenerative disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a compound of disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof. In certain embodiments, the neurodegenerative disease treatable with the methods provided herein includes, but is not limited to, Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease, and Huntington's disease. One embodiment provides a method of treating a psychiatric disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a compound of disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof. In some embodiments, the psychiatric disorder is schizophrenia or autism.

Combination Therapy

In certain instances, the compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, is administered in combination with a second therapeutic agent.

In some embodiments, the benefit experienced by a patient is increased by administering one of the compounds described herein with a second therapeutic agent (which also includes a therapeutic regimen) that also has therapeutic benefit.

In one specific embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, is co-administered with a second therapeutic agent, wherein the compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, and the second therapeutic agent modulate different aspects of the disease, disorder or condition being treated, thereby providing a greater overall benefit than administration of either therapeutic agent alone.

In any case, regardless of the disease, disorder or condition being treated, the overall benefit experienced by the patient is simply additive of the two therapeutic agents or the patient experiences a synergistic benefit.

In certain embodiments, different therapeutically-effective dosages of the compounds disclosed herein will be utilized in formulating a pharmaceutical composition and/or in treatment regimens when the compounds disclosed herein are administered in combination with a second therapeutic agent. Therapeutically-effective dosages of drugs and other agents for use in combination treatment regimens are optionally determined by means similar to those set forth hereinabove for the actives themselves. Furthermore, the methods of prevention/treatment described herein encompasses the use of metronomic dosing, i.e., providing more frequent, lower doses in order to minimize toxic side effects. In some embodiments, a combination treatment regimen encompasses treatment regimens in which administration of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, is initiated prior to, during, or after treatment with a second agent described herein, and continues until any time during treatment with the second agent or after termination of treatment with the second agent. It also includes treatments in which a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, and the second agent being used in combination are administered simultaneously or at different times and/or at decreasing or increasing intervals during the treatment period. Combination treatment further includes periodic treatments that start and stop at various times to assist with the clinical management of the patient.

It is understood that the dosage regimen to treat, prevent, or ameliorate the conditions) for which relief is sought, is modified in accordance with a variety of factors (e.g. the disease, disorder or condition from which the subject suffers; the age, weight, sex, diet, and medical condition of the subject). Thus, in some instances, the dosage regimen actually employed varies and, in some embodiments, deviates from the dosage regimens set forth herein.

For combination therapies described herein, dosages of the co-administered compounds vary depending on the type of co-drug employed, on the specific drug employed, on the disease or condition being treated, and so forth. In additional embodiments, when co-administered with a second therapeutic agent, the compound provided herein is administered either simultaneously with the second therapeutic agent, or sequentially.

In combination therapies, the multiple therapeutic agents (one of which is one of the compounds described herein) are administered in any order or even simultaneously. If administration is simultaneous, the multiple therapeutic agents are, by way of example only, provided in a single, unified form, or in multiple forms (e.g., as a single pill or as two separate pills).

The compounds disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, as well as combination therapies, are administered before, during or after the occurrence of a disease or condition, and the timing of administering the composition containing a compound varies. Thus, in one embodiment, the compounds described herein are used as a prophylactic and are administered continuously to subjects with a propensity to develop conditions or diseases in order to prevent the occurrence of the disease or condition. In another embodiment, the compounds and compositions are administered to a subject during or as soon as possible after the onset of the symptoms. In specific embodiments, a compound described herein is administered as soon as is practicable after the onset of a disease or condition is detected or suspected, and for a length of time necessary for the treatment of the disease. In some embodiments, the length required for treatment varies, and the treatment length is adjusted to suit the specific needs of each subject. For example, in specific embodiments, a compound described herein or a formulation containing the compound is administered for at least 2 weeks, about 1 month to about 5 years.

In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is an adjuvant. In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent. In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is an antiemetic. In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is an anti-infective agent. In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is an antiviral agent. In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is an antibacterial agent.

In some embodiments, the compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, is administered in combination with an adjuvant. In one embodiment, the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the compounds described herein is enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e., by itself the adjuvant has minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced). In some embodiments, the compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, is administered in combination with an anti-cancer agent.

In some embodiments, the anti-cancer agent is a hormone blocking therapy. Hormone blocking therapy includes the use of agents that block the production of estrogens or block the estrogen receptors. In some embodiments, hormone blocking therapy includes the use of estrogen receptor modulators and/aromatase inhibitors. Estrogen receptor modulators include triphenylethylene derivatives (e.g. tamoxifen, toremifene, droloxifene, 3-hydroxytamoxifen, idoxifene, TAT-59 (a phosphorylated derivative of 4-hydroxytamoxifen) and GW5638 (a carboxylic acid derivative of tamoxifen)); non-steroidal estrogen receptor modulators (e.g. raloxifene, LY353381 (SERM3) and LY357489); steroidal estrogen receptor modulators (e.g. IC1-182,780). Aromatase inhibitors include steroidal aromatase inhibitors and non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors. Steroidal aromatase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, exemestane. Non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, anastrozole and letrozole.

In certain embodiments, compounds disclosed herein are used in combination with one or more passive immunotherapies, including but not limited to, naked monoclonal antibody drugs and conjugated monoclonal antibody drugs. Examples of naked monoclonal antibody drugs that can be used include, but are not limited to, rituximab, an antibody against the CD20 antigen; trastuzumab, an antibody against the HER2 protein; alemtuzumab, an antibody against the CD52 antigen; cetuximab, an antibody against the EGFR protein; and bevacizumab which is an anti-angiogenesis inhibitor of VEGF protein.

Examples of conjugated monoclonal antibodies include, but are not limited to, radiolabeled antibody ibritumomab tiuxetan; radiolabeled antibody tositumomab; and immunotoxin gemtuzumab ozogamicin which contains calicheamicin; BL22, an anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody-immunotoxin conjugate; radiolabeled antibodies such as OncoScint (Registered trademark) and ProstaScint (Registered trademark); brentuximab vedotin; and ado-trastuzumab emtansine.

Further examples of therapeutic antibodies that can be used include, but are not limited to, abciximab, an antibody against the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor on platelets; daclizumab, an immunosuppressive, humanized anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody; edrecolomab, a murine anti-17-IA cell surface antigen IgG2a antibody; BEC2, a murine anti-idiotype (GD3 epitope) IgG antibody; IMC-C225, a chimeric anti-EGFR IgG antibody; VITAXIN (Registered Trademark) a humanized anti-aVbeta 3 integrin antibody; Campath 1H/LDP-03, a humanized anti CD52 IgG1 antibody; Smart M195, a humanized anti-CD33 IgG antibody; epratuzumab, a humanized anti-CD22 IgG antibody; Lymphoscan; visilizumab; CM3, a humanized anti-ICAM3 antibody; IDEC-1 Maprimatized anti-CD80 antibody; IDEC-131 a humanized anti-CD40L antibody; IDEC-151a primatized anti-CD4 antibody; IDEC-152 a primatized anti-CD23 antibody; SMART anti-CD3, a humanized anti-CD3 IgG; 5G1.1, a humanized anti-complement factor 5 (C5) antibody; D2E7, a humanized anti-TNF-alpha antibody; CDP870, a humanized anti-TNF-alpha Fab fragment; IDEC-151, a primatized anti-CD4 IgG1 antibody; MDX-CD4, a human anti-CD4 IgG antibody; CD20-streptdavidin (+biotin-yttrium 90); CDP571, a humanized anti-TNF-alpha IgG4 antibody; LDP-02, a humanized anti-alpha 4beta 7 antibody; OrthoClone OKT4A, a humanized anti-CD4 IgG antibody; ANTOVA (Registered Trademark), a humanized anti-CD40L IgG antibody; ANTEGREN (Registered Trademark), a humanized anti-VLA-4 IgG antibody; and CAT-152, a human anti-TGF-beta 2 antibody.

In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent for use in combination with a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, include one or more of the following: abiraterone; abarelix; adriamycin; actinomycin; acivicin; aclarubicin; acodazole hydrochloride; acronine; adozelesin; aldesleukin; alemtuzumab; allopurinol; alitretinoin; altretamine; ambomycin; ametantrone acetate; aminoglutethimide; aminolevulinic acid; amifostine; amsacrine; anastrozole; anthramycin; aprepitant; arsenic trioxide; asparaginase; asperlin; azacitidine; azetepa; azotomycin; batimastat; bendamustine hydrochloride; benzodepa; bevacizumab; bexarotene; bicalutamide; bisantrene hydrochloride; bisnafide dimesylate; bizelesin; bleomycin; bleomycin sulfate; bortezomib; brequinar sodium; bropirimine; busulfan; cactinomycin; calusterone; caracemide; carbetimer, carboplatin; carmustine; carubicin hydrochloride; carzelesin; capecitabine; cedefingol; cetuximab; chlorambucil; cirolemycin; cisplatin; cladribine; clofarabine; crisnatol mesylate; cyclophosphamide; cytarabine; dacarbazine; dasatinib; daunorubicin hydrochloride; dactinomycin; darbepoetin alfa; decitabine; degarelix; denileukin diftitox; dexormaplatin; dexrazoxane hydrochloride; dezaguanine; dezaguanine mesylate; diaziquone; docetaxel; doxorubicin; doxorubicin hydrochloride; droloxifene; droloxifene citrate, dromostanolone propionate; duazomycin; edatrexate; eflomithine hydrochloride; elsamitrucin; eltrombopag olamine; enloplatin; enpromate; epipropidine; epirubicin hydrochloride; epoetin alfa; erbulozole; erlotinib hydrochloride; esorubicin hydrochloride; estramustine; estramustine phosphate sodium; etanidazole; etoposide; etoposide phosphate; etoprine; everolimus; exemestane; fadrozole hydrochloride; fazarabine; fenretinide; filgrastim; floxuridine; fludarabine phosphate; fluorouracil; fluorocitabine; fosquidone; fostriecin sodium; fulvestrant; gefitinib; gemcitabine; gemcitabine hydrochloride; gemcitabine cisplatin; gemtuzumab ozogamicin; goserelin acetate; histrelin acetate; hydroxyurea; idarubicin hydrochloride; ifosfamide; iimofosine; ibritumomab tiuxetan; idarubicin; ifosfamide; imatinib mesylate; imiquimod; interleukin II (including recombinant interleukin II, or rIL2), interferon alfa-2a; interferon alfa-2b; interferes alfa-n1; interferon alfa-n3; interferon beta-1a; interferon gamma-1 b; iproplatin; irinotecan hydrochloride; ixabepilone; lanreotide acetate; lapatinib; lenalidomide; letrozole; leuprolide acetate; leucovorincalcium; leuprolide acetate; levamisole; liposomal cytarabine; liarozole hydrochloride; lometrexol sodium; lomustine; losoxantrone hydrochloride; masoprocol; maytansine; mechlorethamine hydrochloride; megestrol acetate; melengestrol acetate; melphalan; menogaril; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; methotrexate sodium; methoxsalen; metoprine; meturedepa; mitindomide; mitocarcin; mitocromin; mitogillin; mitomalcin; mitomycin C; mitosper; mitotane; mitoxantrone hydrochloride; mycophenolic acid; nandrolone phenpropionate; nelarabine; nilotinib; nocodazoie; nofetumomab; nogalamycin; ofatumumab; oprelvekin; ormaplatin; oxaliplatin; oxisuran; paclitaxel; palifermin; palonosetron hydrochloride; pamidronate; pegfilgrastim; pemetrexed disodium; pentostatin; panitumumab; pazopanib hydrochloride; pemetrexed disodium; plerixafor; pralatrexate; pegaspargase; peliomycin; pentamustine; peplomycin sulfate; perfosfamide; pipobroman; piposulfan; piroxantrone hydrochloride; plicamycin; plomestane; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednimustine; procarbazine hydrochloride; puromycin; puromycin hydrochloride; pyrazofurin; quinacrine; raloxifene hydrochloride; rasburicase; recombinant HPV bivalent vaccine; recombinant HPV quadrivalent vaccine; riboprine; rogletimide; rituximab; romidepsin; romiplostim; safingol; safingol hydrochloride; sargramostim; semustine; simtrazene; sipuleucel-T; sorafenib; sparfosate sodium; sparsomycin; spirogermanium hydrochloride; spiromustine; spiroplatin; streptonigrin; streptozocin; sulofenur; sunitinib malate; talisomycin; tamoxifen citrate; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; teloxantrone hydrochloride; temozolomide; temoporfin; temsirolimus; teniposide; teroxirone; testolactone; thalidomide; thiamiprine; thioguanine; thiotepa; tiazofurin; tirapazamine; topotecan hydrochloride; toremifene; tositumomab and I131 Iodine tositumomab; trastuzumab; trestolone acetate; tretinoin; triciribine phosphate; trimetrexate; trimetrexate glucuronate; triptorelin; tubulozole hydrochloride; uracil mustard; uredepa; valrubicin; vapreotide; verteporfin; vinblastine; vinblastine sulfate; vincristine sulfate; vindesine; vindesine sulfate; vinepidine sulfate; vinglycinate sulfate; vinleurosine sulfate; vinorelbine tartrate; vinrosidine sulfate; vinzolidine sulfate; vorinostat; vorozole; zeniplatin; zinostatin; zoledronic acid; and zorubicin hydrochloride.

In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is an alkylating agent. Examples of alkylating agents for use in combination with a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, include, but are not limited to, nitrogen mustards (e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, meiphalan, etc.), ethylenimine and methylmelamines (e.g., hexamethlymelamine, thiotepa), alkyl sulfonates (e.g., busulfan), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine, lomusitne, semustine, streptozocin, etc.), or triazenes (decarbazine, etc.).

Other agents that are optionally used in the methods and compositions described herein for the treatment or prevention of cancer include platinum coordination complexes (e.g., cisplatin, carboblatin), anthracenedione (e.g., mitoxantrone), substituted urea (e.g., hydroxyurea), methyl hydrazine derivative (e.g., procarbazine), adrenocortical suppressant (e.g., mitotane, aminoglutethimide).

In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is an immunotherapy agent. Examples of immunotherapy agents for use in combination with a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, include, but are not limited to, checkpoint inhibitors (e.g. anti-PD1 and anti-PD-L1 inhibitors), cancer vaccines (e.g., sipuleucel-T), oncolytic viruses (e.g., talimogene laherparepvec), cytokines (e.g., IL-2 and INF-alpha), CAR-T cells.

In some embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, is used in combination with anti-emetic agents to treat nausea or emesis, which results from the use of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, anti-cancer agent(s) and/or radiation therapy. Anti-emetic agents include, but are not limited to: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists, 5HT3 receptor antagonists (such as ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, palonosetron, and zatisetron), GABAB receptor agonists (such as baclofen), corticosteroids (such as dexamethasone, prednisone, prednisolone, or others), dopamine antagonists (such as, but not limited to, domperidone, droperidol, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, promethazine, prochlorperazine, metoclopramide), antihistamines (HI histamine receptor antagonists, such as but not limited to, cyclizine, diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, meclizine, promethazine, hydroxyzine), cannabinoids (such as but not limited to, cannabis, marinol, dronabinol), and others (such as, but not limited to, trimethobenzamide; ginger, emetrol, propofol).

In some embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, is used in combination with an agent useful in the treatment of anemia. Such an anemia treatment agent is, for example, a continuous eythropoiesis receptor activator (such as epoetin-α).

In some embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, is used in combination with an agent useful in the treatment of neutropenia. Examples of agents useful in the treatment of neutropenia include, but are not limited to, a hematopoietic growth factor which regulates the production and function of neutrophils such as a human granulocyte colony stimulating factor, (G-CSF). Examples of a G-CSF include filgrastim.

In one embodiment, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, is administered to a mammal in combination with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). NSAIDs include, but are not limited to: aspirin, salicylic acid, gentisic acid, choline magnesium salicylate, choline salicylate, choline magnesium salicylate, choline salicylate, magnesium salicylate, sodium salicylate, diflunisal, carprofen, fenoprofen, fenoprofen calcium, fluorobiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, nabutone, ketolorac, ketorolac tromethamine, naproxen, oxaprozin, diclofenac, etodolac, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, meclofenamate, meclofenamate sodium, mefenamic acid, piroxicam, meloxicam, COX-2 specific inhibitors (such as, but not limited to, celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib, etoricoxib, lumiracoxib, CS-502, JTE-522, L-745 337, and NS398).

In some embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or steroisomer thereof, is used in combination with radiation therapy (or radiotherapy). Radiation therapy is the treatment of cancer and other diseases with ionizing radiation. Radiation therapy is optionally used to treat localized solid tumors, such as cancers of the skin, tongue, larynx, brain, breast, prostate, colon, uterus, and/or cervix. It is also optionally used to treat leukemia and lymphoma (cancers of the blood-forming cells and lymphatic system, respectively).

EXAMPLES

I. Chemical Synthesis

Unless otherwise noted, reagents and solvents were used as received from commercial suppliers. Anhydrous solvents and oven-dried glassware were used for synthetic transformations sensitive to moisture and/or oxygen. Yields were not optimized. Reaction times are approximate and were not optimized. Column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were performed on silica gel unless otherwise noted.

Example 1. (((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(7-(Benzylamino)-5-chloro-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (1)

Step A. 2,6-Dichloro-5-nitropyrimidin-4-amine (1a)

To a solution of 2,4,6-trichloro-5-nitropyrimidine (9.0 g, 39.4 mmol) in THF (540 mL) was added an ammonia solution (10.8 mL, 10 N in EtOH, 78.8 mmol) dropwise at −70° C. After the reaction was stirred at −70° C. for 30 min, it was acidified with AcOH (pH 4˜5) and concentrated. The residue was diluted with EtOAc and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min and filtered. The solids were washed with EtOAc and the organics were combined and concentrated to afford the title compound (1a) (8.0 g, 97%), which was directly used for the next step without further purification.

Step B. 2,6-Dichloropyrimidine-4,5-diamine (1b)

A mixture of iron powder (10.7 g, 191 mmol), acetic acid (24 ml) and ethanol (30 mL) was heated at 55° C. for 0.5 h. A solution of 1a (8.0 g, 38.3 mmol) in ethanol (50 ml) was added dropwise. After the mixture was stirred at 55° C. for 20 min, it was cooled to rt and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated, the residue was diluted with water and the solution extracted with EtOAc. Tire combined organics were washed with water and brine, dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate: from 5:1 to 3:1) to give the title compound (1 b) (4.4 g, 60.4%) as a white solid.

Step C. 5,7-Dichloro-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine (1c)

A suspension of 2,6-dichloropyrimidine-4,5-diamine (1b) (4.4 g, 24.58 mmol) in water (47 ml) was heated and the solid was dissolved. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and acetic acid (94 ml) was added, followed by addition of a solution of sodium nitrite (3.05 g, 44.25 mmol) in water (47 mL) during a period of 15 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for another 20 min and then was extracted with EtOAc. The organics were neutralized, dried and concentrated, the crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate: from 3:1 to 2:1) to provide the title compound (1c) (3.4 g, 72.8%) as a yellow solid.

Step D. (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-(Acetoxymethyl)-S-(5,7-dichloro-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl diacetate (1d)

β-D-Ribofuranose 1,2,3,5-tetraacetate (5.73 g, 17.99 mmol) was heated at 90° C. for 10 min before 1c (3.4 g, 17.99 mmol) and SnCl₄ (105 mg) were added. After the mixture was heated at 130° C. for 15 min, it was cooled to rt, diluted with water, extracted with DCM. The combined organics were washed with water and brine, dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate: from 8:1 to 5:1) to afford crude product, which was purified by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) to give the title compound (1d) (4.0 g, 51% yield) as a yellow solid.

Step E. (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-(Acetoxymethyl)-5-(7-(benzylamino)-5-chloro-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl diacetate (1e)

A mixture of 1d (300 mg, 0.58 mmol), benzyl amine (124 mg, 1.16 mmol), triethylamine (186 mg) and ethanol (15 mL) was heated at 50° C. for 1 h, and then cooled to rt and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate: 2:1) to give the title compound (1e) (240 mg, 80%).

Step F. (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(7-(Benzylamino)-5-chloro-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (1f)

A mixture of 1e (240 mg, 0.46 mmol), SnO(n-Bu)₂ (462 mg, 1.85 mmol) and methanol (10 ml) was heated at 65° C. overnight, and then cooled to rt and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM/MeOH: 30:1) to provide the title compound (1f) (150 mg, 85%).

Step G. (((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(7-(Benzylamino)-5-chloro-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (1)

A solution of methylenebis(phosphonic dichloride) (300 mg, 1.25 mmol) and trimethyl phosphate (4 ml) was added to a suspension of 1f (100 mg, 0.25 mmol) in trimethyl phosphate (2 ml) at 0° C. After the reaction was stirred 0° C. for 1.5 h, it was quenched with cold 0.5 M aqueous tetraethyl ammonium chloride (TEAC) solution (PH 7.4˜7.6) and the solution was allowed to warm up to rt, stirred for another hour and extracted with DCM. The aqueous layer was concentrated, the residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC using water with 15 mmol ammonium bicarbonate/CH₃CN to afford the title compound (1) (45 mg, 33%) as a white solid, m/z (ESI, +ve ion)=551.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 2. (((((1R,2R,3S,4R)-4-(5-chloro-7-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydroxycyclopentyl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (2)

Step A. ((3aR,4R,6R,6aS)-6-Amino-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methanol (2a)

2,2-Dimethoxypropane (4.5 g, 43.3 mol) and para-toluenesulfonic acid (163 mg, 0.87 mmol) were added to a solution of (1R,2S,3R,5R)-3-amino-5-(hydroxymethyl) cyclopentane-1,2-diol hydrochloride (1.59 g, 8.66 mmo) in acetone (16 ml) and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight After trimethylamine (2.5 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred another 5 min before the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with brine and the solution was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organics were dried, filtered, and concentrated to afford the title compound (2a) (1.3 g, 80%).

Step B. ((3aR,4R,6R,6aS)-6-(2,6-Dichloro-5-nitropyrimidin-4-ylamino)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methanol (2b)

2,4,6-Trichloro-5-nitropyrimidine (2.18 g, 9.6 mmol) and triethylamine (970 mg, 9.6 mmol) were added to a solution of 2a (1.8 g, 9.6 mmol) in THF (20 ml) successively. After the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 20 min, it was diluted with EtOAc/Et₂O (1:1) and washed with 10% citric acid, brine, dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM/MeOH: from 30:1 to 10:1) to yield the title compound (2b) (1.6 g, 43%).

Step C. ((3aR,4R,6R,6aS)-6-(5-Amino-2,6-dichloropyrimidin-4-ylamino)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methanol (2c)

Iron powder (1.08 g, 19.36 mmol) and acetic acid (1.16 g 19.36 mmol) were added to a solution of 2b (918 mg, 2.42 mmol) in ethanol (13 ml) and water (10 ml). After the reaction mixture was heated at 60° C. for 15 min, it was filtrated and the solid washed with EtOAc. The filtrate was washed with brine and the combined organic phases were concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound (2c) (800 mg), which was used in the next step without further purification.

Step D. ((3aR,4R,6R,6aS)-6-(5,7-Dichloro-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methanol (2d)

tert-Butyl nitrite (314 mg, 2.68 mmol) was added to a solution of 2c (700 mg, 2.0 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (20 ML) under N₂. The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 2 h and then cooled to rt, concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM/MeOH: from 30:1 to 10:1) to give the title compound (2d) (600 mg, 83%).

Step E. ((3aR,4R,6R,6aS)-6-(5-Chloro-7-(2-chlorobenzylamino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl) methanol (2e)

A mixture of 2d (300 mg, 0.836 mmol), (2-chlorophenyl) methanamine (130 mg, 0.919 mmol) and triethylamine (93 mg, 0.919 mmol) in ethanol (10 ml) was stirred at rt overnight. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc/DCM: from 10:1 to 2:1) to afford the title compound (2e) (250 mg, 65%).

Step F. (1R,2S,3R,5R)-3-(5-Chloro-7-(2-chlorobenzylamino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentane-1,2-diol (2f)

Triethylamine (5 ml) and water (5 ml) were added to a solution of 2e (200 mg, 0.56 mmol) in DCM (5 ml) at rt and After the mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h, it was concentrated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc/DCM: from 3:1 to 1:1) to provide the title compound (2f) (150 mg, 66%) as a white solid.

Step H. (((((1R,2R,3S,4R)-4-(5-chloro-7-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydroxycyclopentyl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (2)

A solution of methylenebis(phosphonic dichloride) (300 mg, 1.2 mmol) and trimethyl phosphate (4 ml) was added to a suspension of 2f (100 mg, 0.24 mmol) in trimethyl phosphate (2 ml) at 0° C. After the mixture was stirred 0° C. for 1.5 h, it was quenched with cold 0.5 M aqueous tetraethyl ammonium chloride (TEAC) solution (PH 7.4-7.6) and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 2 min and at rt for 1 h. The residue was extracted with DCM the aqueous layer was concentrated. The residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC using water with 15 mmol ammonium bicarbonate/CH₃CN to to obtained the title compound (2) (13 mg, 10%) as a white solid. m/z (ESI, +ve ion)=582.1[M−H]⁻.

Examples 3-21

Examples 3-21 were prepared by similar procedures as described in Examples 1 or 2.

Ex. STRUCTURE MS (ESI) 3

544.6 [M + H]⁺ 4

458.8 [M − H]⁻ 5

512.8 [M − H]⁻ 6

585.0 [M + H]⁺ 7

585.2 [M + H]⁺ 8

563.0 [M − H]⁻ 9

599.3 [M + H]⁺ 10

603.1 [M − H]⁻ 11

589.1 [M − H]⁻ 12

613.5 [M + H]⁺ 13

579.3 [M + H]⁺ 14

585.3 [M + H]⁺ 15

563.0 [M − H]⁻ 16

605.2 [M + H]⁺ 17

591.3 [M + H]⁺ 18

591.0 [M + H]⁺ 19

591.2 [M + H]⁺ 20

577.2 [M + H]⁺ 21

595.2 [M − H]⁻

Example 22. (((((2S,4R,5R)-5-(7-(benzyl(methyl)amino)-5-chloro-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (22)

Example 22 was prepared from (3R,5S)-5-((benzoyloxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-2,3-diyl diacetate and 1c by similar procedures as described in Example 1. m/z (ESI, +ve ion)=547.9 [M−H]

Example 23. (((((2S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (23)

Example 23 was prepared by similar procedures as described in Example 22. m/z (ESI, +ve ion)=566.7 [M−H]⁻.

Example 24. (((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-Chloro-7-(((S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (24)

Step A. Di-tert-butyl methylphosphonate (24a)

To an oven dried flask was added sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 1.545 g, 38.62 mmol). To this flask was added THF (30 mL) and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. To this suspension was added di-t-butyl phosphite (5.21 mL, 25.8 mmol) dropwise over 10 min. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 1 h. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and methyl iodide (3.21 mL, 51.5 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 min. The reaction was slowly warmed to rt with close monitoring. After 20 min hydrogen began rapidly evolving. This was controlled with periodic cooling in an ice bath. When gas evolution had completed, the mixture was allowed to stir overnight. The following morning, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated ammonium cloride and the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL) and H₂O (100 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted two additional times with EtOAc (50 mL) and the combined organics were washed with brine, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide a clear oil that wat purified by flash chromatography (40-100% EtOAc/hexanes, 80 g SiO₂). Thin layer chromatography was developed with anisaldehyde stain. The product was isolated as a clear oil di-tert-butyl methylphosphonate (24a) (3.08 g, 14.8 mmol, 57.5% yield).

Step B. Di-tert-butyl (((diisopropylamino)(methoxy)phosphanyl)methyl)phosphonate (24b)

To an oven-dried 100 mL flask was added diisopropylamine (5.96 mL, 42.3 mmol) and THF (18 mL) and the mixture was cooled to −78° C. To this solution was added n-butyllithium (25.2 mL, 40.3 mmol, 1.6 M) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. A solution of di-tert-butyl methylphosphonate (24a) (4.00 g, 19.2 mmol) in THF (18 mL) over 5 min and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Finally, a solution of N,N-diisopropylmethylphosphonamidic chloride (4.48 mL, 23.1 mmol) in THF (18 mL) was added over 5 min and the solution was stirred for 1 h. The mixture was quenched with EtOH (2 mL) and partitioned between saturated sodium bicarbonate and DCM. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM one additional time. The organic layer was dried with NaSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (0-100% EtOAc/hexanes with 1% TEA, 80 g, SiO₂). TLC was developed with ninhydrin. The product was isolated as a clear oil di-tert-butyl (((diisopropylamino)(methoxy)phosphanyl)methyl)phosphonate (24b) (5.21 g, 14.1 mmol, 73.4% yield).

Step C. ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(5-Chloro-7-(((S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methanol (24c)

To an oven dried flask was added (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (indene analog of 1f) (1.00 g, 2.32 mmol) followed by DMF (18 mL). To the solution was added 2,2-dimethoxypropane (0.85 mL, 6.95 mmol) followed by p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (88.1 mg, 0.460 mmol). The mixture was heated to 70° C. and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (0-60% EtOAc/hexanes, 40 g, SiO₂). The product was isolated as a white solid (((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (24c) (1.02 g, 2.16 mmol, 93.4% yield).

Step D. ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(5-Chloro-7-(((S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methyl methyl ((di-tert-butoxyphosphoryl)methyl)phosphonate (24d)

To an oven dried flask was added ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methanol (24c) (190 mg, 0.400 mmol), di-tert-butyl (((diisopropylamino)(methoxy)phosphanyl)methyl)phosphonate (24b) (223 mg, 0.600 mmol) and MeCN (5 mL). To this suspension was added 1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile (71 mg, 0.60 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. To the reaction mixture was added tert-butyl hydroperoxide (0.22 mL, 1.2 mmol, 5.5 M) and the mixture was allowed to stir for 1 h. The mixture was poured int saturated sodium bicarbonate and extracted 2 times with EtOAc, dried with brine and MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (0-100% EtOAc/hexanes, 1% TEA modifier, 12 g, SiO₂). The product was isolated as a white foam ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methyl methyl ((di-tert-butoxyphosphoryl)methyl)phosphonate (24d) (167 mg, 0.221 mmol, 54.8% yield).

Step E. (((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (24)

To a vial was added ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methyl methyl ((di-tert-butoxyphosphoryl)methyl)phosphonate (24d) (167 mg, 0.220 mmol) and 2.8 mL hexafluoroisopropanol. To the vial was added water (0.13 mL, 7.3 mmol) followed by hydrochloric acid (0.13 mL, 0.53 mmol, 4 M in dioxane). The mixture was stirred for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with 0.3 mL saturated NH₄OH and the mixture was concentrated. The resulting white solid was dissolved in DMF (1 mL) and MeOH (1 mL) purified by prep HPLC (0-65% ACN/H₂O, 0.1% TFA modifier). The product was isolated as a white solid (((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-(((S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (24) (73 mg, 0.10 mmol, 46% yield) as a 1:1 mixture of two diastereoisomers. m/z (ESI, +ve ion)=605.2[M+H]⁺.

Examples 25 and 26

Examples 25 and 26 were prepared by similar procedures as described in Example 24.

Ex. STRUCTURE MS (ESI) 25

613.1 [M + H]⁺ 26

599.0 [M − H]⁻

Example 27. (((R)-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-Chloro-7-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (27)

Step A: ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(5-Chloro-7-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methyl methyl (R)-((di-tert-butoxyphosphoryl)methyl)phosphonate (27a-1) and ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(5-chloro-7-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methyl methyl (S)-((di-tert-butoxyphosphoryl)methyl)phosphonate (27a-2)

To a mixture of ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(5-chloro-7-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methanol (2-chlorobenzyl analog of 24c) (400 mg, 0.86 mmol) and di-tert-butyl (((diisopropylamino)(methoxy)phosphanyl)methyl)phosphonate (24b) (634 mg, 1.72 mmol) in dry MeCN (20 ml) was added tetrazole (180 mg, 2.58 mmol) at −30° C. After the mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stirred for 1 h, a solution of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (386 mg, 4.29 mmol) in DMF (3 ml) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred for another 10 min. The reaction was quenched (aq. NaHCO₃) and extracted (EtOAc) and the combined organic layers were washed (water, brine), dried and concentrate. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (SiO₂, petroleum ether/EtOAc from 1:1 to 1:2) to provide the crude product (186 mg, 29% yield) as a mixture of diastereoisomers. Purification of the mixture by preparative chiral HPLC (DAICEL Chiralpak AD, 40% IPA/hexanes with 0.1% DEA) afforded ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(5-chloro-7-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methyl methyl (R)-((di-tert-butoxyphosphoryl)methyl)phosphonate (27a-1) (second eluting isomer, 90 mg, 14% yield) and ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(5-chloro-7-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methyl methyl (S)-((di-tert-butoxyphosphoryl)methyl)phosphonate (27a-2) (first eluting isomer, 96 mg, 15% yield), m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 773.3 [M+Na]⁺.

Step B: (((R)-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-Chloro-7-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (27)

6N HCl (0.1 ml) was added to a mixture of 27a-1 (32 mg, 0.041 mmol) in hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol (0.5 ml) at 0° C. After the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h, it was neutralized with ammonia solution (pH=7) and the solution was concentrated. The residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC (Phenomenox Luna C18 100 A, 30% acetonitrile/water with 0.1% TFA) to afford the title compound (27) (8 mg, 33% yield), m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 599.1 [M+H]⁺. * The stereochemistry was randomly assigned.

Example 28. (((S)-(((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-chloro-7-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (28)

The title compound was prepared from ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(5-chloro-7-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methyl methyl (S)-((di-tert-butoxyphosphoryl)methyl)phosphonate (27a-2) by procedure similar to that described in Example 27, Step B. m/z (ESI, +ve ion) 599.1 [M+H]⁺. * The stereochemistry was randomly assigned.

Examples 29-37

Examples 29-37 were prepared by similar procedures as described in Examples 1, 2, 24, and 27.

Ex. STRUCTURE MS (ESI) 29

675.0 [M + H]⁺ 30

639.0 [M + H]⁺ 31

574.8 [M − H]⁻ 32

661.0 [M + H]⁺ 33

661.1 [M + H]⁺ 34

591.1 [M + H]⁺ 35

573.1 [M − H]⁻ 36

602.9 [M − H]⁻ 37

543.0 [M + H]⁺ *Stereochemistry arbitrarily assigned.

Example 38. (((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-chloro-4-(((R)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (38)

Step A. (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-(Acetoxymethyl)-5-(4,6-dichloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl diacetate (38a)

β-D-Ribofuranose 1,2,3,5-tetraacetate (5.73 g, 17.99 mmol) was heated at 90° C. for 10 min, 4,6-dichloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (1.5 g, 17.99 mmol) and SnCl4 (60 mg) was added successively. After the mixture was heated at 130° C. for 15 min under reduced pressure, it was cooled to rt, diluted with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organics were washed with water, brine, dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate: from 10:1 to 5:1) to give the title compound (38a) (2.4 g, 68%) as a yellow solid.

Step B: (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-Chloro-4-(((R)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (38b)

The title compound was prepared from (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-(acetoxymethyl)-5-(4,6-dichloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl diacetate (38a) by procedure similar to that described in Example 1, Steps E and F, substituting (R)—N-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-amine for benzyl amine in Step E.

Step C: (((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-chloro-4-(((R)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (38c)

The title compound was prepared from (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-chloro-4-(((R)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (38b) by procedure similar to that described in Example 1, Step G. m/z (ESI, +ve ion)=588.2 [M−H]⁺.

Example 39. (((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Chloro-4-(((R)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(methoxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (39)

The title compound was prepared from (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-chloro-4-(((R)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)(methyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (38b) by procedure similar to that described in Example 24, Steps C, D, and E. m/z (ESI, +ve ion)=604.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 40. (((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Chloro-4-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-3-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (40)

Step A: ((3aR,5R,6S,6aR)-6-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methyl benzoate (40a)

BzCl (5.91 g, 42 mmol) was added slowly to a solution of (3aR,5R,6S,6aR)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6-ol (8 g, 42 mmol) in pyridine (80 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h, it was concentrated and the residue was diluted with EtOAc and aq. citric acid. The organic layer was washed (brine), dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel to provide the title compound (40a) (11 g, 89%). m/z (ESI, +ve ion)=295.4 [M+H]⁺.

Step B: ((3aR,5R,6aS)-2,2-Dimethyl-6-oxotetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methyl benzoate (40b)

To a solution of 40a (6.5 g, 22.1 mmol) in DCM (130 ml) was added PDC (5 g, 13.3 mmol) and acetic anhydride (6.76 g, 66.3 mmol) at rt. After the mixture was refluxed for 2 h, it was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel to provide the title compound (40b) (4.2 g, 65% yield), m/z (ESI, +ve ion)=333.3 [M+MeCN]⁺.

Step C: ((3aR,5R,6R,6aR)-6-Hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyltetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methyl benzoate (40c)

To a solution of 40b (1 g, 3.4 mmol) in dry THF (20 ml) was added dropwise MeMgBr (3 M in THF, 1.7 ml, 5.1 mmol) at 0° C. After the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h, it was quenched (aq. NH₄Cl) and extracted (EtOAc). The organic layer was dried and concentrated to afford the title compound (40c) (1.2 g, 3.63 mmol). The crude product was used in the next step without further purification, m/z (ESI, +ve ion)=331.4 [M+H]⁺.

Step D: ((2R,3S,4R,5S)-3,4,5-Trihydroxy-3-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl benzoate (40d)

A solution of 40c (1.2 g, 3.63 mmol) in TFA (90% in water, 10 ml) was stirred at rt for 0.5 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to dryness and the residue was used in the next step without further purification. m/z (ESI, +ve ion)=291.4 [M+Na]⁺.

Step E: (3R,4R,5R)-5-((Benzoyloxy)methyl)-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-2,3,4-triyl triacetate (40e)

To a solution of crude 40d prepared from above step in pyridine (20 ml) were added acetic anhydride (7 ml) and DMAP (20 mg). After the mixture was stirred at rt overnight, it was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was diluted with EtOAc. The solution was washed (water and brine) and the organic layer was dried, concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel to provide the title compound (40e) (430 mg, 32%). m/z (ESI, +ve ion)=417.4.

Step F: (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-((Benzoyloxy)methyl)-5-(4,6-dichloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl diacetate (40f)

To a solution of 4,6-dichloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (206 mg, 1.09 mmol) and 40e (430 mg, 1.09 mmol) in MeCN (10 ml) were added TMSOTf (969 mg, 4.36 mmol) and DBU (497 mg, 3.27 mmol) successively. After the mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h, it was diluted (EtOAc). The organic layer was washed (brine), dried, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel to provide the title compound (40f) (375 mg, 66%). m/z (ESI, +ve ion)=545.4.

Step G: (((((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-chloro-4-((2-chlorobenzyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-3-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)methyl)phosphonic acid (40)

The title compound was prepared from (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-((benzoyloxy)methyl)-5-(4,6-dichloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl diacetate (40f) by procedure similar to that described in Example 38, Steps B and C. m/z (ESI, +ve ion)=595.3 [M−H]⁺.

Examples 41-50

Examples 41-50 were prepared by similar procedures as described in Examples 38-40.

Ex. STRUCTURE MS (ESI) 41

566.0 [M − H]⁻ 42

576.3 [M − H]− 43

  578 [M + H]+ 44

598.3 [M + H]+ 45

598.3 [M + H]+ 46

598.4 [M + H]+ 47

548.3 [M + H]+ 48

568.4 [M + H]+ 49

598.1 [M + H]+ 50

588.2 [M − H]− II. Biological Evaluation

Example A1: Biochemical Assay

Assay Reaction Conditions

-   -   Assay Volume: 70 μl     -   Reaction Volume: 50 μl     -   CD73: 0.3208 nM     -   AMP: 15 μM     -   Assay Buffer: 2 5 mM Tris-HCL, pH 7.4, 0.01% Brij-35, 0.01% BSA,         5 mM MgCl₂         Assay Procedure:

Used 384 clear plate.

Made dose titration of testing compounds in assay buffer, 10 points ½ log titrations in duplicates starting at 100 μM.

Added 25 μl of CD73 to each well for a final concentration of 320 μM.

Incubated at RT for 15 min.

Added 25 μl of AMP to each well for a final concentration of 15 μM.

Incubated at RT for 10 min.

Added 10 μl of Malachite Green Reagent A, incubate at RT for 10 min.

Added 10 μl of Malachite Green Reagent B, incubate at RT for 45 min.

Read the Absorbance on Envision plate reader using excitation filter: Cy5 620 nM.

The ability of the compounds disclosed herein to inhibit CD73 activity was quantified and the respective IC₅₀ values were determined. Table 1 provides the biochemical IC₅₀ values of compounds disclosed herein.

TABLE 1 Ex. Biochemical IC₅₀ 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 C 5 B 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 B 11 B 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 A 16 A 17 B 18 A 19 A 20 A 21 A 22 B 23 A 24 A 25 B 26 B 27 B 28 B 29 A 30 A 31 A 32 C 33 B 34 B 35 A 35 B 38 A 39 A 40 A 41 B 42 A 43 A 44 A 45 B 46 C 47 A 48 A 49 A 50 A A: IC₅₀ ≤ 100 nM; B: 100 nM ≤ IC₅₀ ≤ 1 μM; C: 1 μM IC₅₀; 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:

wherein: A is —O— or —CH₂—; R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —S(═O)₂NR ¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)2R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); or R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R³ is halogen, —CN, OR¹⁵, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl; alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²⁰b; R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵; —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R⁸ is hydrogen; R⁹ and R¹⁰ are; Y³ is —CR¹³R¹⁴—; Y⁴ is —O—; R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20e); R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20f); or R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); each R^(20a), R^(20b), R^(20c), R_(20d), R^(20e), R^(20f), and R^(20g) are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH—, SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c)—S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b), —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or Ct-Ce alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; each R is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), —S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —OC(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b), —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)R^(c)(═O)OR^(b), C₁- C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; each R^(a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R^(b) and R^(c) are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; or R^(b) and R^(c) are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; and R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰ R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O) R⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)SC(═O)R⁴⁰), —(CR⁵⁰ R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰, —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)(CR⁵²R⁵³)_(v)C (═O)(CR⁵²R⁵³)_(v)C(═O)R⁴¹, or —(C₁-C₆ alkylene)[OC(═O)R⁴⁰]₂; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen; or R³⁴ and R³³ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²²; R⁴⁰ is C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂ alkynyl, C₁-C₂₀ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²⁴; R⁴¹ is a glycerol ester derivative, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl, C₁-C₂₀ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆, alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²⁴; R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alky(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); R⁵² and R⁵³ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); each R²² is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²³; each R²³ is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b), —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; each R²⁴ are independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OR^(a), —SH, —SR^(a), —S(═O)R^(a), —NO₂, —NR^(b)R^(c), S(═O)₂R^(a), —NHS(═O)₂R^(a), —S(═O)₂NR^(b)R^(c), —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)R^(a), —C(═O)OR^(b), —OC(═O)OR^(b), —C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —OC(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)NR^(b)R^(c), —NR^(b)C(═O)R^(a), —NR^(b)C(═O)OR^(b), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl; and v is 1, 2, 3, or
 4. 2. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl; heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 3. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R⁴ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, or —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen.
 4. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH: and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.
 5. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R¹ and R⁷ are each independently halogen, —OH, —OR¹⁵, —NR¹⁶ S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two; or three R^(20c); R:⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; each R_(20c) independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 6. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; R⁵ is halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); R⁶ is hydrogen; and each R^(20d) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 7. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R⁴ and R⁷ are each —OH; R⁵ is hydrogen; R⁶ is halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or cycloalkyl; wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20d); and each R^(20d)is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 8. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R⁴ is halogen, —OH, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵,NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁷ is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 9. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R⁴ is —OH; R⁷ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.
 10. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof; wherein: R⁷ is halogen, —OH, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁵, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20c); R⁴ is hydrogen; R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two; or three halogen; R¹⁶ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20c) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 11. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R⁷ is —OH; R⁴ is hydrogen; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each hydrogen.
 12. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyltheteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-Co alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —S(═O)2R¹⁵, —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷, or —C(═O)₂R¹⁵; wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl; or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; R¹⁶ and R¹⁷are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; wherein each alkyl is optionally substituted with one, two, or three halogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.
 13. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.
 14. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof; wherein: R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein each alkyl and aryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a)is independently halogen, —CN; —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.
 15. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl); wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one R^(20a); R² is hydrogen; and each R^(20a) is independently halogen, —CN, —OH, —OC₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.
 16. The compound of claim 15, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: each R^(20a) is independently halogen.
 17. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.
 18. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine or a pyrrolidine optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20a); each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.
 19. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a piperidine or a pyrrolidine optionally substituted with one R^(20a); and each R^(20a) is independently aryl optionally substituted with one, two, or three R²¹; and each R²¹ is independently halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.
 20. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl or C alkyl(cycloalkyl); each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g); each R^(20b) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20g) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 21. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³ is halogen, —CN, SR¹⁸, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); wherein each alkyl, and cycloalkyl is independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20b); R¹⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); each independently optionally substituted with one, two, or three R^(20g), each R^(20b) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and each R^(20g) is independently halogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 22. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³ is halogen.
 23. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: A is —O—.
 24. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: A is —CH₂—.
 25. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆, alkyl(heteroaryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(heterocycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰); provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen.
 26. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen.
 27. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); provided that at least one of R³⁰, R³³, or R³⁴ is not hydrogen.
 28. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³⁰is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; and R³³ and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰.
 29. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³⁰is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alky(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), and R³³ and R³⁴ are hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 30. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³⁰is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³³ and R³⁴ are hydrogen.
 31. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰; and R³⁰ and R³⁴ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O), or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰.
 32. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alky(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), and R³⁰ and R³⁴ are hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 33. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³³ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³⁰ and R³⁴ are hydrogen.
 34. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³⁴ is C₁-C₆alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰, and R³³ and R³⁰ are each independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl), —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰, or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰.
 35. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³³ and R³⁰ are hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 36. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof; wherein: R³⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁-C₆ alkyl(aryl), or C₁-C₆ alkyl(cycloalkyl); and R³³ and R³⁰ are hydrogen.
 37. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³⁰, R³³, and R³⁴ are each independently —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)R⁴⁰ or —(CR⁵⁰R⁵¹)_(v)OC(═O)OR⁴⁰.
 38. A compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof selected from:

wherein A is —O— or —CH₂—.
 39. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 40. A method of inhibiting CD73 comprising contacting CD73 with a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof.
 41. A method of treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof. 